The Iberians were descended from the original early human inhabitants of the peninsula, who arrived from southern France about 40,000 years ago. The most startling discovery suggests that local Y chromosomes were almost completely replaced during the Bronze Age. What is Unassigned on Ancestry DNA Match? Genetic data alone will not reveal the whole story, the researchers emphasize. had a grandparent with North African ancestry. In addition, you might find people living in other parts of the world, such as Latin America, who have substantial Iberian ancestry and identify as being from one of those countries I mentioned above. About a quarter of marine mammals are threatened.Today, around 15 percent of Europe's animal species are threatened or endangered, mainly by habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and competition from invasive species. This is important for both current and future investors, as . In Iberia, most men with R1b belong to the subclade R-P312 (R1b1a1a2a1a2; as of 2017). A single chromosome can record a history for each gene. [11] Hannibal then laid siege to Roman ally of Saguntum and this led to the beginning of the Second Punic War. 25 Shattuck Street Basques are a cultural isolate, and, according to mainly allele frequencies of classical polymorphisms, also a genetic isolate. Your feet seem like they weren't meant for shoes! Wars and campaigns in the northern regions of the Iberian peninsula would continue until 16 BC, when the final rebellions of the Cantabrian Wars were defeated. Iberian pottery and metalwork has been found in France, Italy, and North Africa. [28] R-DF27 is also a significant subclade of R1b in parts of France and Britain. [28] The set of family names of Iberian origin currently found in North America The Iberians (Latin: Hibr, from Greek: , Iberes) were an ancient people settled in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula, at least from the 6th century BC. The Atlantic modal haplotype (AMH) or haplotype 15 is a Y chromosome haplotype of Y-STR microsatellite variations, associated with the Haplogroup R1b. The forests and grasslands of Western and Central Europe have been almost completely domesticated, with crops and livestock dominant.Finally, small, drought-resistant plants border the Mediterranean Sea, Europe's southern edge. November 1993 BELTRAN AND DELIBES- CHARACTERISTICS OF IBERIAN LYNXES 853 and Decei, 1964), and most are of unknown gender (Garcia-Perea et al., 1985; Werdelin, 1981). Subsequently, his team calculated genetic distance between populations, based on the principle that two populations that share similar frequencies of a trait are more closely related than populations that have more divergent frequencies of the trait. About 24% of natives of Britain will show at least some genetic connection to the Iberian Peninsula. So there were people who were likely born in Greece or maybe Phocaea in Asia Minor and ended up being buried on the other side of the Mediterranean. Iberian aristocracy, often called a "senate" by the ancient sources, met in a council of nobles. The styles of Iberian sculpture are divided geographically into Levantine, Central, Southern, and Western groups, of which the Levantine group displays the most Greek influence. I should start by saying that there is no typical way that a person who lives on the Iberian Peninsula looks. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. So we are truly a mixed group of people. 2009-03-10 04:33:09. The Iberians adopted wine and olives from the Greeks. Also, in a Visigothic necropolis close to Empries but in the seventh century A.D., we have found local people dressed and buried maybe as Visigoths, but also two people, a mother and son, who clearly had very recent ancestry from central and far eastern Europe and bear an Asiatic mitochondrial DNA not present nowadays in Europe. In 197 BC, the Iberian tribes revolted once again in the H. Citerior province. and 1600 B.C. Kings or chieftains would maintain their forces through a system of obligation or vassalage that the Romans termed "fides".[12]. Is there such thing as Irish Iberian DNA. Copyright 2022 Who are You Made Of? However, modern people are beginning to come to a long-overdue understand that the idea of race is pseudoscience, since humans arent really different from one another. The Iberians retained their writing system until the Roman conquest, when the Latin alphabet came into use. According to the Catalan theory, the Iberian language originated in northern Catalonia, from where it expanded north and south.[19]. Add an answer. The Iberian language, a non-Indo-European tongue, continued to be spoken into early Roman times. What race are the people of the Iberian Peninsula? The climate supports a wide variety of seasonal crops. The tenderness, juiciness, and global . Iberians venerated the war god Cariocecus. Let's get another thing clear, since it's a moot point for Spaniards. Which publications would you like to receive? If you have any questions about something that you read here, or would like to share your own experience about finding Iberian in your DNA ethnicity estimate, I would love to hear from you in the comments. Since France is geographically and genetically an integral part of Western Europe, yet located directly adjacent to the Iberian Peninsula, people in France are likely to show Iberian DNA. I am not a fan of distinguishing between people by their outward appearance, but I know that this question comes up a lot in genetic genealogy. Horse breeding was particularly important to the Iberians and their nobility. The Iberian tribes or tribal confederacies were: The Iberian language, like the rest of the paleohispanic languages, became extinct by the 1st to 2nd centuries AD, after being gradually replaced by Latin. The Iberian Peninsula features interior tablelands of Paleozoic rocks that are flanked by mountains of Alpine type. H3 represents a smaller fraction of European genome than H1 but has a somewhat similar distribution with peak among Basques (13.9%), This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 01:57. [13][14][9][15][16][17][8] Similar to Sardinia, Iberia was shielded from settlement from the Bosporus and Caucasus region by its western geographic location, and thus has lower levels of Western Asian and Middle Eastern admixture than Italy and the southern Balkan Peninsula, most of which probably arrived during historic rather than prehistoric times, especially in the Roman period.[18][19]. Its coat is tawny with dark spots and it bears a characteristic "beard" around its face and prominent black ear tufts. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411585 AD)", "The Expulsion of the Moriscos: Still more Questions than Answers", "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", La invasin rabe. This post will contain the answers to several common questions about the Iberian Peninsula, such as: Before I continue, I want to make sure that you know about my DNA Tools Page. Instead, our phenotype has more to do with genetics. In general, a typical Western European haplogroup or Atlantic modal haplotype (AMH) composition was found in mainland Portugal, associated to high level of mitochondrial genetic diversity. Europe is the second-smallest continent. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Rome sent Gnaeus and Publius Cornelius Scipio to conquer Iberia from Carthage. These physical features allowed for early communication, travel, and agricultural development. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. There were, however, areas of overlap between the Iberian and Celtic peoples, as in the Celtiberian tribes of the northeastern Meseta Central and in Catalonia and Aragon. It would be a mistake to jump to the conclusion that Iberian men were killed or forcibly displaced," said Olalde, "as the archaeological record gives no clear evidence of a burst of violence in this period.". Cheekbones - High cheekbones where glasses sit high on the face and get smudges on the bottom easily. There is a wide range of ceramics in the distinctive Iberian styles. I can easily tell a persons ancestry by looking at their bone structure. The Sephardic ( Spanish) jews. Size Weight: 10-13kg Height: 88-100cm Breeding In 10 of the 19 skull measurements, adult males were significantly larger than adult females, including length of ml, mandibular fossalength of P4, height of mandible, length of skull, and condylobasal length. From a writing systems point of view, they are neither alphabets nor syllabaries, they are mixed scripts that normally are identified as semi-syllabaries. It is characterized by the following marker alleles: sfn error: no target: CITEREFJnsson2007 (, harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFCavalli-Sforza1993 (, harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMilisauskas2002 (, harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFRosser_et_al.2000 (, "Spatially explicit analysis reveals complex human genetic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula", "Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the NorthEast", "Oppida and Celtic society in western Spain", "Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (Circa 200 B", "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula", "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years", https://alpha.sib.uc.pt/?q=content/o-patrimnio-visigodo-da-l%C3%ADngua-portuguesa, "(PDF) IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. Few words, however, except place-names on the coinage struck by many cities in the 3rd century bc, can be understood. Regarding below some comments about the Ladino. A paper describing the research, "Implications of dimorphism, population variation, and secular change in estimating population affinity in the Iberian Peninsula," is forthcoming from the journal Forensic Science International. Researchers have known that the two regions engaged in trade at that time; the new study confirms that people also moved from Africa to Europe. After this victory, the Ilergetes and other Iberian tribes revolted and it was only after this revolt that the Romans conquered the rest of the Carthaginian territories in southern Spain. [12] [13] Characteristics [ edit] The Iberian lynx has a short bright yellowish to tawny coloured spotted fur. Can Ancestry DNA Tell Me Who My Father Is? Subsequent in-migration by members of other haplogroups and subclades of R1b did not affect its overall prevalence, although this falls to only two thirds of the total R1b in Valencia and the coast more generally. [13] The horse was also an important religious figure and an important sanctuary dedicated to Horses has been found in Mula (Murcia). Iberian society was divided into different classes, including kings or chieftains (Latin: "regulus"), nobles, priests, artisans and slaves. There is variety in t. They produced fine metalwork and high quality iron weapons such as the falcata. Rafael Trevio Martinez, Rome's Enemies (4): Spanish Armies 218-19 BC (Men at Arms Series, 180), Lisbeth Bredholt Christensen, et al. Scipio attacked and conquered Carthago Nova and defeated the army of Hasdrubal Barca at the Battle of Baecula (209-208). Sagunto is the location of an ancient Iberian and later Roman city of Saguntum, where a big fortress was built in the 5th century BC. It includes parts of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), and Belarus.Most of the Great European Plain lies below 152 meters (500 feet) in elevation. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are Early European Farmers who arrived during the Neolithic. Many of Europe's fjords are located in Iceland and Scandinavia.North European PlainThe North European Plain extends from the southern United Kingdom east to Russia. Greek colonists made the first historical reference to the Iberians in the 6th century BC. People are often curious about where their looks come from. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Their reflexes are excellent, their whiskers give highly detailed information related to their sense of touch, and they have excellent hearing, due to their large ears. Our study offers a change in perspective and invites people to look at the archaeological record again with different eyes, said Lalueza-Fox. If you havent started a tree yet and you need help with the basics of how to do research and where to start, I highly recommend checking out my softcover book on Amazon, Family Tree Building Basics: A Book for Beginners, which is also available via immediate PDF download. Their first colony on the Iberian Peninsula was founded in 1100 BC and was originally called Gadir, later renamed by the Romans as Gades (modern Cdiz). According to Arrian, the Iberians sent emissaries to Alexander the Great in 324 BC, along with other embassies of Carthaginians, Italics and Gauls, to request his friendship.[9]. The Handbook of Religions in Ancient Europe, page. In Iberian eschatology, "death was seen as the starting point for a journey symbolised by a crossing of the sea, the land or even the sky. An English-language survey is Richard J. Harrison. When they left Spain they went to N Africa, Amsterdam, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and parts of Latin America. A majority of Haplogroup L lineages in Iberia being North African in origin points to the latter. Before the central Europeans moved in, Iberians had no detectable recent ancestry from outside the Iberian Peninsula. Most Spanish people can be dark hair to black hair to even blonde, from dark brown eyes to black to blue. Aerial view of the ancient village of Ullastret in Catalonia, Spain, where some of the samples analyzed in the study were found. [35], The subhaplogroups H1 and H3 have been subject to a more detailed study and would be associated to the Magdalenian expansion from Iberia c. 13,000 years ago:[36], A 2007 European-wide study including Spanish Basques and Valencian Spaniards found Iberian populations to cluster the furthest from other continental groups, implying that Iberia holds the most ancient European ancestry. We investigated the differentiation of Spanish Basques from the rest of Iberian populations by means of a dense, genome-wide SNP array. Corrections? Analysis of the remains of a 5,200-year-old Irish farmer suggested that the population of Ireland at that time was closely genetically related to the modern-day populations of southern Europe, especially Spain and Sardinia. characteristic features of the geography where the culture is located. Germanic tribes, Gauls, Vikings, Arabs, Moors, Berbers, Jews, and lesser extent by the mix of the Gitano or Gypsies. The most common haplogroup in Spanish and Portuguese males is R1b, which also happens to be the most common Y DNA haplogroup in Western Europe. . Spain as a whole has been invaded by Iberians, Celts, Roman, Greek, Carthaginians, Phoenicians. Iberian lynxes, like all cats, have vertical pupils and superb vision, particularly during low visibility. Huge herds of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) feed on these tiny plants.The taiga, which stretches across northern Europe just south of the tundra, is composed of coniferous forests, with trees such as pine, spruce, and fir. Sephardic Jews It is important to note that Iberian Peninsula DNA ethnicity is very commonly found in people who live in areas that are not located directly on the peninsula. When analyzed as a collection, they also reflect part of its history. [36][44][45][42][46] In 2015, Hernndez et al. The Iberian System is a cluster of high and rugged mountain massifs that forms the eastern edge of the central tableland; it is the main watershed of the Iberian Peninsula between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Lynx are usually a light brown, red, rusty, or gray color with dark spots for camouflage. You cannot download interactives. The people who have deep roots in the Iberian Peninsula, are descended from the ancient inhabitants of the area called Iberians. The Lady of Elche and Lady of Guardamar show clear Hellenistic influence. Its just a resource page that I have compiled for my readers, and it includes my most popular and helpful blog posts, information about DNA testing, and lots of other great information. Iberians of Spain. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are Early European Farmers who arrived during the Neolithic. The Iberian people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula: There are also some genetic influences from Germanic tribes who arrived after the Roman period, including the Suebi, Hasdingi Vandals, Alans and Visigoths. The man-bull Bicha of Balazote (possibly a fertility deity) and various depictions of sphinxes and lions bear a resemblance to eastern Mediterranean mythological creatures. This is such b.s. [13] There was clearly an important female deity associated with the earth and regeneration as depicted by the Lady of Baza and linked with birds, flowers and wheat. I like to know what does 45.1% Iberian DNA means. The Asturians, Basques, Castilians are just a few of the many groups. [17] Links have also been found with the Etruscan language and Minoan Linear A. The typing of extra coding region SNPs has provided the refinement or confirmation of the previous classification obtained with EMMA tool in 96% of the cases. Europe extends from the island nation of Iceland in the west to the Ural Mountains of Russia in the east. [29] R-DF27 constitutes much more than the half of the total R1b in the Iberian Peninsula. There is an axis of significant genetic differentiation along the eastwest direction, in contrast to remarkable genetic similarity in the northsouth direction. In contrast to Y DNA haplogroups, mtDNA haplogroups did not show as much geographical patterning, but were more evenly ubiquitous. Her ancestors, however, originally migrated from the Middle East, the cradle of agriculture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberians. They are recognizable by the pointed . Still, most present-day Iberian men can trace their paternal ancestry to these Bronze Age newcomers. If you have Iberian Peninsula in your DNA results, and you would like to know if you should consider yourself to be Hispanic, you would really have to begin work on your family tree to find out where your ancestors were born. In this paper, we report differences in body . This means that Iberians might be French, Spanish, Portuguese, British, or Andorran. Beyond the insights this study provides about the history of Iberia itself, it highlights the potential of future studies that focus on ancestry changes over time using large sample sizes in relatively small regions of the world, he said. This article is about an ancient people known today as the Iberians from the Iberian Peninsula. How To Identify The People In Old Photographs? Intense trade introduced many species, which often overtook native plants. I havent tried it with my grandmothers DNA yet, but I did get a report from Gene Heritage which showed me which alleles of the OCA2 gene had the biggest influence on me having light eyes. Iberian warfare was endemic and based on intertribal raiding and pillaging. Glaciation is the process of land being transformed by glaciers or ice sheets. A 1978 study claimed many similarities between Iberian and the Messapic language. Haplogroup J, mostly subclades of Haplogroup J-M172 (J2), is found at levels of over 20% in some regions, while Haplogroup E has a general frequency of about 10%. The Iberian lynx genetically diverged as a unique species 1.98 to 0.7 million years ago. | Birch on Trellis Framework by Mediavine, Family Tree Building Basics for Beginners Book, Use DNA to Trace Your Mexican Family Tree Book, Example of Family Tree DNA Family Finder Results, Augustus Henry Keane Man, Past and Present, Iberian Peninsula People: A DNA Perspective. The Iberian lynx is heavily spotted and weighs about half as much as the Eurasian species, with long legs and a very short tail with a black tip. [1] This pre-Indo-European cultural group spoke the Iberian language from the 7th to the 1st century BC. Many people with Colonial US roots find that they have higher than expected amounts of Iberian DNA. The Iberians also had contacts with the Phoenicians, who had established various colonies in southern Andalucia. She or he will best know the preferred format. [10] In his first campaign, Hannibal defeated the Olcades, the Vaccaei and the Carpetani expanding his control over the river Tagus region. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. I hope that this post has helped you learn a little bit about the ethnicity of the people of the Iberian Peninsula, and what it means to have Iberian in your DNA results. Starting in 2500 B.C. Important highlands in this region include the Massif Central and the Vosges in France, the Ardennes of Belgium, the Black Forest and the Taunus in Germany, and the Ore and Sudeten in the Czech Republic. Most other ancient-DNA research has focused on prehistoric periods. Portugal is not considered to be Hispanic, however. The term Iberian, as used by the ancient authors, had two distinct meanings. Want this question answered? The war dragged on with Carthage sending more reinforcements until the Battle of Ilipa (modern Alcal del Ro in Sevilla province), which was a decisive victory for Publius Scipio Africanus. [16] Iberian languages also share some elements with the Basque language. The Spanish remained colloquial and then picked up words from the countries they were in. Weight and Size: - Medium. Iberian lynxes will bury uneaten prey to return later to finish eating it. Read more about Iberian Peninsula plus Native American in DNA results. to 5500 B.C., suggesting that new groups of hunter-gatherers migrated to Iberia and transformed local populations before farmers arrived with their own distinct ancestry from Anatolia (present-day Turkey). Hi there, my name is Eduardo and I would like to tell you about me and my credentials. The tundra, found in Iceland and the northern reaches of Scandinavia and Russia, is a treeless region where small mosses, lichens, and ferns grow. The Iberians in the Spanish Levant were more urbanized than their neighbors in the central and northwestern regions of the Iberian peninsula. But understand there are Spaniards that would be considered not European but African because of where their part of Spain lies. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A large portion of Carthaginian forces during the Punic wars was made up of Iberians and Celtiberians. Be notified when an answer is . The team analyzed genomes from 403 ancient Iberians who lived between about 6000 B.C. and 2000 B.C. Iberian soldiers were widely employed by Carthage and Rome as mercenaries and auxiliary troops. A world of peninsulas and islands, southern Europe is subject to its own climatic regime, with fragmented but predominantly mountain and plateau landscapes. We are a Mediterranean subset just as the S French, Italians, and the Greeks. There are several groups in Spain, for example, that are descended from the ancient migrants to the region. [25], Since then, population genetics has progressed significantly and studies using direct DNA analysis are now abundant and may use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY) or autosomal DNA. The Iberian language remains an unclassified non-Indo European language. All rights reserved, National Geographic News: New Fault Found in EuropeMay 'Close Up' Adriatic Sea, National Geographic News: Volcanic Ash Stops Europe FlightsWhy Ash Is Dangerous, European Environment Agency: European Land Cover, National Geographic Education: Mapping EuropeLand Mammal Range. The waves of migrating Celtic peoples from the 8th to 6th century bc onward settled heavily in northern and central Spain, penetrated Portugal and Galicia, but left the indigenous Bronze Age Iberian people of the south and east intact. The caetrati carried the caetra, a small Iberian buckler. African influence peaks in the Southern and Western regions of the peninsula, dropping considerably in the northeast (Catalonia and Aragon) and the Basque region.[48][49][42]. Image: Aerimatge/Archivo Museu dArqueologia de Catalunya. However, in many regions of the world, there are certain physical characteristics that appear to be more common than in others. It also found, despite the differences, that all Europeans are closely related. The Alpine region also includes active volcanoes, such as Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius in Italy. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. The Western Uplands is defined by hard, ancient rock that was shaped by glaciation. This process was probably aided by trading contacts with the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians. When I was a child, I used to read old history books on Iberia that were at home, said Lalueza-Fox. Fourth-century Visigothic incursions were followed by the Moorish invasions from North Africa. The oldest known human DNA in Iberia comes from a 19,000-year-old skeleton found in 2010 in a. People who are from the the Iberian Peninsula are considered to be Caucasian, an outdated term and description, just like other Europeans. After securing these regions, Rome invaded and conquered Lusitania and Celtiberia. The Iberian economy had a rich agriculture and mining and metallurgy. Culturally the tribes of the northeast and of the Valencian coast were greatly influenced by the Greek settlements at Emporion (modern Ampurias) and in the Alicante region, those of the southeast by influences from the Phoenician trading colonies at Malaca (Mlaga), Sexi (Almuca), and Abdera (Adra), which later passed to the Carthaginians. Mausoleum of Pozo Moro near the town of Chinchilla de Monte-Aragn in Castile-La Mancha seems to mark the location of another big settlement. Ive written a post based on a hypothesis that the amount of Iberian DNA in Great Britain was actually much higher during colonial times than it is now. In the Iberian Peninsula it reaches 70% in Portugal as a whole, with more than 90% in NW Portugal and nearly 90% in Galicia (NW Spain), while the highest value is to be found among the Basques (NE Spain). but as a whole the English..please! The Iberians produced sculpture in stone and bronze, most of which was much influenced by the Greeks and Phoenicians, and other cultures such as Assyrian, Hittite and Egyptian influences. Hamilcar Barca began this conquest from his base at Cdiz by conquering the Tartessian Guadalquivir river region, which was rich in silver. The Carthaginians retreated to Gades, and Publius Scipio gained control over the entire south of the peninsula. The ancestry of modern Iberians (comprising the Spanish and Portuguese) is consistent with the geographical situation of the Iberian Peninsula in the south-west corner of Europe. Residents of any of these countries could accurately call themselves Iberians if they would like to, though residents of these areas typically prefer to align themselves with their national identity. Starting in the 5th century BC, Iberian soldiers were frequently deployed in battles in Italy, Greece and especially in Sicily due to their military qualities. Major funders of this research included Obra Social La Caixa, FEDER-MINECO (BFU2015-64699-1118P), the National Institutes of Health (grant GM100233), the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The most reliable evidence that I have personally seen that this might be the case is from a study that was completed in 2015. to 19 B.C. Stereotypical Scandinavian traits and facial features have since the early 20th century included straight, blonde hair; blue eyes; tall figure; a straight nose; thin lips; and non-prominent cheekbones, according to Werner & Bjrks 2014 book Blond and Blue-eyed. In the centuries preceding Carthaginian and Roman conquest, Iberian settlements grew in social complexity, exhibiting evidence of social stratification and urbanization. The red hair and large limbs of the inhabitants of Caledonia point clearly to a German origin. Im Puertorican with 45.1% Iberian DNA and 6.1% Finnish DNA. The other, more restricted ethnic sense and the one dealt with in this article, refers to the people living in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, which by the 6th century BC had absorbed cultural influences from the Phoenicians and the Greeks. Evidence from pottery reveals some information about Iberian myth and ritual. There are many depictions of a "horse taming god" or "lord of the horses" (despotes hippon). The peoples in the central and northwest regions were mostly speakers of Celtic dialects, semi-pastoral and lived in scattered villages, though they also had a few fortified towns like Numantia. Many inscriptions in the script survive. That language is called Ladino and the people are Sefardi Jews. . Iberian Peninsula Part of sw Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal, separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar and from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains.The early Iberian inhabitants were colonized by Phoenicians and then Carthaginians until the 2nd century bc, when Rome dominated.
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