Collagen formation is essential to wound healing. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Manganese concentrations are 3 to 10 mcg/L in breast milk and 30 to 100 mcg/L in cows milkbased infant formulas [5,12]. Joe is a thriving entrepreneur, with a mission to empower people to take advantage of the precision health revolution and uncover insights from their DNA and biomarkers so that we can all feel great all of the time. Authors Anthony Samsel 1 , Stephanie Seneff 2 Affiliations 1 Research Scientist and Consultant, Deerfield, NH 03037, USA. People with mutations in this gene have low blood manganese levels. "Manganese Deficiency - Causes, Symptoms, Functions, Food Sources and Supplements". Manganese is a component of several enzymes and it is vital to the development and activity of several others. After absorption, some manganese remains free, but most is bound to transferrin, albumin, and plasma alpha-2-macroglobulin. Manganese can also have a neurotoxic effect in large amounts. The symptoms in folks who dont get enough manganese arent really established yet. Pennington JA, Young BE. Common manganese deficiency symptoms include: Anemia Weak bones (osteoporosis) Poor immunity and getting sick often Chronic fatigue syndrome Worsened PMS (premenstrual syndrome) symptoms Impaired reproductive abilities or infertility Impaired glucose sensitivity Changes in appetite and digestion Hormonal imbalances Manganese deficiency is very rare, as sufficient amounts of this nutrient are present in most diets [2, 17]. Around the web, manganese is discussed as a histamine-lowering and dopamine-increasing agent, although there is little research to support this. No clinical trials have evaluated the effects of manganese supplementation alone on bone health. You can get all the manganese you need through your diet. DOI: lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/manganese, Dietary Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal required for normal growth and development in humans, acts as a cofactor for multiple enzymes, and plays a key role in metabolism, connective tissue formation, and immune function (1, 2).Mn is widely present in various foods, with a nutritional Mn deficiency rarely encountered (3-5).Excess Mn in the body is neurotoxic and can lead to . More recent data from a population study of 719 adults aged 18 to 87 years in northern Italy show a median dietary manganese intake of 2.34 mg/day [22]. If youre concerned that you have a manganese deficiency or if you have a condition that puts you at risk for lower-than-optimal manganese levels, talk with your doctor about your concerns. According to Mayo Clinic Laboratories, the normal reference range for manganese in adults is between 4.7 and 18.3 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please leave a comment or contact us at support@selfdecode.com. These processes include, but are not limited to, macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, free radical defense systems, and in the brain, ammonia clearance and neurotransmitter synthesis. These symptoms can progress into physical effects similar to those of Parkinsons disease. In fact, manganese levels often have a U- or inverse U-shaped relationship with many conditions: the highest and lowest levels are detrimental and the mid-range beneficial. . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies If youre in good health and eating a nutritious diet, you shouldnt need manganese supplements. However, overexposure to environmental Mn via industrial occupation or contaminated drinking water can lead to toxic brain Mn accumulation that has been associated with neurological impairment. Epub 2006 Sep 22. History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), ODS Funding of Grants & Administrative Supplements: FAQ, Administrative Supplements for Validation Studies of Analytical Methods, Staff Bios, Publications, and Presentations, Federal Working Group on Dietary Supplements, NIH Dietary Supplement Research Coordinating Committee. Very low or very high manganese are linked with cognitive deficits and metabolic problems, so its important to keep manganese consumption in balance. Sex hormone production and reproductive function [, 4-15 g/L in blood (that is equal to 72.8 273 nmol/L), 0.4-0.85 g/L in serum (the liquid component of blood), A movement disorder resembling tremors (dystonia), Perthes disease, a rare childhood condition [, Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (lack of. 2022 Aug 18;12(16):2116. doi: 10.3390/ani12162116. Manganese Deficiency - Causes, Symptoms, Functions, Food Sources and Supplements. The human body contains about 10 to 20 mg manganese, of which 25% to 40% is in bone [1,2]. Updated: You can maximize the manganese by adding ingredients to a variety of dishes: Your bod doesnt make any manganese, so you gotta get it from your diet. In another study in 40 postmenopausal women, serum manganese levels were positively associated with bone mineral density and negatively associated with bone fracture rates [26]. (2018). 10th ed: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:586-607. Read on to learn what manganese does and what it means if you have a deficiency. Balachandran RC, et al. 21. The NIH gives a detailed breakdown of manganese-rich foods and your required daily intake. Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: A review of its behavioural consequences and neuroprotective strategies. about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. Manganese deficiency is likely to happen when you don't consume a balanced diet that contains healthy . Manganese. [2] Manganese works with vitamin K to assist in wound healing by clotting the blood. Manganese neurotoxicity: a focus on the neonate. In humans, manganese has a significant impact on physiology and gut dysbiosis. Although these conditions are not considered to be manganese deficiency diseases, a supplement that contains manganese along with other minerals can improve bone density and overall bone health. Bonus. This is why its important not to self-diagnose and to always seek advice from a healthcare professional if you think you may have a manganese deficiency. Small necrotic lesions develop on the chlorotic areas. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2016;28:534-6. Soy-based infant formulas have higher manganese concentrations, 200 to 300 mcg/L, than milk-based formulas [12]. Manganese (Mn), necessary for healthy bone structure, is a component of several enzyme systems, including manganese-specific glycosyltransferases and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The maximum amount for adults is 11 mg per day. Manganese exposure, essentiality & toxicity. Peanut Symptoms (2015). An official website of the United States government. Theyll also suggest that you try to include more manganese-rich foods in your diet. In other words, not all people suffering from these diseases have low manganese levels. This database contains label information from tens of thousands of dietary supplement products on the market. Its always better to get your vitamin and mineral requirements from the food you eat rather than from supplements. Manganese deficiency is caused by insufficient Mn in the soil or by high soil pH, which greatly reduces Mn availability (Figure 3). Several studies have investigated the effects of low (but not deficient) manganese. Known as the most powerful antioxidant, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) contains manganese as its key component. U.S. Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service. Manganese deficiency is rare but can happen, especially with certain medical conditions. Turmeric Dosage: How Much Should You Take Per Day? But when manganese levels fall out of whack, the trouble starts. [, Finley JW, Johnson PE, Johnson LK. The most recent report that used TDS data to estimate dietary manganese intakes, published in 1991, used TDS data from 1982 to 1989 [21]. However, it can lose its flavor, crystallize, and ferment. Signs of manganese deficiency vary among animal species and may include impaired growth, impaired reproductive function, skeletal abnormalities, impaired glucose tolerance, and altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Potential symptoms of low manganese (not due to genetic reasons) include: Because of the rarity of manganese deficiency, these symptoms are more likely to be produced by another underlying condition. The .gov means its official. J Biol Sci 2004;4(2):95-9. Join the ODS Email List. [, Chen P, Bornhorst J, Aschner M. Manganese metabolism in humans. A manganese-containing enzyme present in your cells is the main detoxifier of free radicals. In: John W. Erdman Jr. IAM, Steven H. Zeisel, ed. Manganese supplementation improves mineral density of the spine and femur and serum osteocalcin in rats. Manganese deficiency and iron deficiency are both associated with fatigue, weakness, irritability and menstrual problems; however, an iron deficiency causes brittle or grooved nails while a manganese deficiency causes slow wound healing and bone problems. In Lyme, it is part of the organism's virulence, and it uses primarily manganese. Manganese Deficiency. Drinking water also contains small amounts of manganese at concentrations of 1 to 100 mcg/L [5]. Studies have shown that for every 100mg increase in magnesium intake there is a 49% decrease in the risk of mortality due to all liver diseases. Phosphorus and calcium may also decrease your retention of manganese, but at a lower amount compared with iron. Limited research suggests that the absorption rate of manganese from human milk (8.2%) is much higher than that from soy formula (0.7%) and cows milk formula (3.1%) [13]. [, Greger JL, Davis CD, Suttie JW, Lyle BJ. Epub 2006 Jun 21. The U.S. Department of Agricultures FoodData Central website [11] lists the nutrient content of many foods and provides a comprehensive list of foods containing manganese ordered by nutrient content. Online ahead of print. Differential Effects of D-Galactose Supplementation on Golgi Glycosylation Defects in TMEM165 Deficiency. Copper, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, and zinc levels in biological samples of diabetes mellitus patients. Food While an uncommon disorder, manganese deficiency can have serious consequences, including . When seven men were experimentally placed on a manganese-depleted diet for over a month, they experienced a transient skin rash and decreased blood cholesterol levels. However, according to the Institute of Medicines review of dietary micronutrients, a clinical deficiency in manganese due to diet has not been observed in otherwise healthy people. J Nutr 1994;124:1060-4. Mol Aspects Med 2005;26:353-62. Lonnerdal B. Nutritional aspects of soy formula. Intake recommendations for manganese and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by an expert committee of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [4]. Manganese: Fact sheet for health professionals. Your body contains numerous proteins called enzymes. According to users, manganese supplements caused a short-term boost in energy, but people often report side effects such as emotional instability, mood issues, racing pulse, nausea, and fatigue. Nutritional yeast is a culinary chameleon. Manganese deficiency might also alter lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and cause abnormal glucose tolerance [3]. . Manganese deficiency also poses a risk for bone-related disorders, since this mineral helps with the formation of bone regulatory hormones and enzymes involved in bone metabolism. Research in animals suggests that manganese supplementation might improve glucose tolerance, reduce oxidative stress, and improve endothelial dysfunction in diabetes [3], but clinical trials in humans are lacking. Manganese is not known to have any clinically relevant interactions with medications. Our science team is put through the strictest vetting process in the health industry and we often reject applicants who have written articles for many of the largest health websites that are deemed trustworthy. PMID: 18695768 [, Wang L, Yu H, Yang G, Zhang Y, Wang W, Su T, et al. [, Davis CD, Greger JL. Its deficiency is most common in coarse-textured, low organic matter coastal plain soils where levels . Align your health hacks with your genes for optimal health & cognitive function. Add shredded spinach and roasted chickpeas to a green salad. Manganese deficiency is very rare. Inhaled manganese can cause inflammation of the lungs. FDA does not require food labels to list manganese content unless manganese has been added to the food. [2] A deficiency of manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing. Consult with your doctor if you have questions. Atlanta: ATSDR, 2000. Sex affects manganese absorption and retention by humans from a diet adequate in manganese. 2023 Greatist a Red Ventures Company. The liver, pancreas, kidney, and brain also contain manganese. Manganese deficiency is very rare in humans, and signs and symptoms of deficiency have not been firmly established [1,2]. The top sources of manganese in the diets of U.S. adults are grain products, tea, and vegetables [4]. In one small clinical trial, supplementation with calcium (1,000 mg) plus trace minerals (5 mg manganese, 15 mg zinc, and 2.5 mg copper) for 2 years improved spinal bone density compared with placebo in 59 healthy postmenopausal women (mean age 66 years) [29]. Several studies have found associations between both increased [30,31] and decreased [32-34] blood levels of manganese and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes [35]. FOIA . Impact of dietary manganese on experimental colitis in mice. Manganese is an essential dietary element that functions primarily as a coenzyme in several biological processes. As a plant-rich diet provides more than enough manganese for most of us, you may want to skip manganese and opt for other supplements that can provide the same benefits but without the toxic effects. Arch Environ Health 1989;44:175-8. (2013). Contrary to popular belief, most cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) problems in dogs don't arise from acute injuries. Manganese supplementation protects against diet-induced diabetes in wild type mice by enhancing insulin secretion. The DV for manganese is 2.3 mg for adults and children age 4 years and older [17]. This trace mineral is considered an essential nutrient as it is required for proper functioning of the human body. eCollection 2015. Be careful not to take excessive amounts of these other minerals [49]. The Essential Element Manganese, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Diseases: Links and Interactions. For those worried about toxicity due to long-term, low-dose manganese, hair, nail, and bone manganese content may give a more accurate exposure estimate [15, 10]. Joe Cohen flipped the script on conventional and alternative medicineand it worked. Inhaled manganese toxicity is an occupational hazard for some workers. o [ pediatric abdominal pain ] Interestingly enough, many individuals with liver disease also suffer with magnesium deficiency, which has been correlated to the birthing of the disease. Theres actually more concern about manganese toxicity than deficiency its important not to consume too much. But while it is a required part of a healthy diet, exposure to excess levels can be toxic [8]. 2006 Sep 15;368(2-3):542-56. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.025. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Plant Frequently plants are stunted and occur in distinct patches. However, manganese deficiency in animals has been found to cause skeletal defects such as: Additionally, pregnant animals that were deficient in manganese gave birth to offspring that had significant movement issues. Conversely, a study in 77 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (median age 61 years) and 61 postmenopausal women without osteoporosis (median age 60 years) found no differences in red blood cell manganese levels (14.76 mcg/L for women with osteoporosis vs. 15.54 mcg/L for women without osteoporosis) or plasma manganese levels (5.34 mcg/L for women with osteoporosis vs. 5.09 mcg/L for women without osteoporosis) [27]. People who have a diet that is rich in these minerals or those who are on mineral supplements need to take suitable precautions to ensure that they meet their requirement for manganese. In addition, men appear to absorb dietary manganese less efficiently than women, possibly because men usually have higher iron status [7,16]. Initially, middle leaves are affected first, but it can be difficult to determine which leaves are most affected as symptoms rapidly spread to other leaves and the growing point. Enzymes help to speed up chemical reactions. Fe can lock out the former, making it unavailable. However, it can definitely go bad. A plus sign next to the number [1+, 2+, etc] means that the information is found within the full scientific study rather than the abstract. Infants absorb higher proportions of manganese than adults; limited research shows that formula-fed infants retain about 20% of the manganese they consume [5]. Hence, having such feature can contribute to lowering the risk of acquiring diseases. is a clickable link to peer-reviewed scientific studies. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a06bd7d785b822fb1f146d4250b15d66" );document.getElementById("a6cbe26769").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Four cations: Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium Two accompanying anions: Chloride and phosphorus Daily requirements range from read more .). Take-all patch often occurs in wet, cool conditions and in regions with a high soil pH, most severe at pH 6.5 or above. We avoid using tertiary references. Manganese serves as an essential part of important enzymes, including mitochondrial superoxide dismutase [4, 2]. However, it is not possible to determine to what extent, if any, the manganese alone affected bone density. Other forms include manganese gluconate, manganese picolinate, manganese sulfate, manganese citrate, and manganese chloride. [, Li XT, Yu PF, Gao Y, Guo WH, Wang J, Liu X, et al. Copper, zinc, manganese, and magnesium status and complications of diabetes mellitus. liver disease; Manganese-deficient animals have been shown to have low manganese superoxide dismutase function. Overview of Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy).". Manganese is a cofactor for many enzymes, including manganese superoxide dismutase, arginase, and pyruvate carboxylase [1,2]. Have a question? Scientists have examined whether associations exist between circulating manganese levels, bone mineral density, and osteoporosis in humans, but the evidence is very limited and inconsistent. Manganese deficiency due to diet is extremely rare and has never been reported in humans. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV also contribute to a healthful diet. Start your day with this power-packed green smoothie. Its essential to talk with a medical professional before taking a supplement, since too much manganese can cause serious harm to your body. However, its extremely rare not to get enough manganese. Heres what antioxidants can do for you and the big benefits of fighting free, Spinach is packed with fiber and immune-boosting nutrients but it's also prone to going bad in the blink of an eye. We found some great-tasting, versatile recipes to help you get your manganese levels back on track. Chen P, et al. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (9798%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. These included a lack of coordination and stability. Manganese homeostasis in the nervous system. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Manganese Deficiency Underlies Mitochondria Defects in Leigh Syndrome, Other Diseases, Study Finds by Patricia Inacio, PhD February 19, 2018 Mutations in the SLC39A8 gene contribute to mitochondria impairments seen in Leigh syndrome by reducing the levels of manganese, a key element that protects against oxidative stress, researchers found. Therefore, scientists have examined whether manganese status affects the risk of diabetes. Medindia. Many plant foods contain goitrogens, which may cause thyroid problems. Manganese status is difficult to assess and not routinely measured in clinical practice. It is required for the normal development, growth, and function of our bodies [1, 2, 3]. 504 p. . Frustrated by the lack of good information and tools, Joe decided to embark on a learning journey to decode his DNA and track his biomarkers in search of better health. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:747-52. We do not aim to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or disease. Zofkova I, Nemcikova P, Matucha P. Trace elements and bone health. Despite being essential for many important bodily functions, manganese can be toxic in large amounts. An antioxidant stops harmful free radicals from damaging your cells. Kondakis XG, Makris N, Leotsinidis M, Prinou M, Papapetropoulos T. Possible health effects of high manganese concentration in drinking water. (For specifics, check out the recipes here.). A deficiency in manganese can trigger diabetes. Li L, Yang X. That was until 2015, when a rare genetic mutation in a manganese uptake transporter gene (SLC39A8) was discovered [20, 21]. MeSH Table 1 lists the current AIs for manganese. European . A manganese deficiency is not easy to diagnose. Copyright 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. People with chronic liver disease have impaired manganese elimination in bile and are more susceptible to manganese neurotoxicity and other adverse effects of excess manganese intakes [4]. Epub 2019 Aug 22. The animals developed a severe deficiency in serum manganese. Infants and children with these mutations experience [23, 22]: Mutations in this gene are associated with [23, 22]: In these cases, manganese supplementation normalized enzyme function and helps improve motor function, hearing, and other neurological issues. Manganese deficiency is very rare because most people get plenty in their diets. [, Simic A, Hansen AF, Asvold BO, Romundstad PR, Midthjell K, Syversen T, et al. A lack of manganese in the diet is a major contributor. Medindia. Other studies have found no associations between blood manganese levels and diabetes prevalence [36,37]. . In addition, manganese absorption efficiency increases with low manganese intakes and decreases with higher intakes [1,2], but little is known about the mechanisms that control absorption [1]. Manganese is present in an enzyme that provides an amino acid called proline. However, the uses of both hair and nail manganese tests are limited. Manganese is taken up by the liver and other tissues, but the mechanism of this process is not well understood [1,2]. Due to its rarity, medical scientists havent firmly established what manganese deficiency looks like in the body. Diessl J, Berndtsson J, Broeskamp F, Habernig L, Kohler V, Vazquez-Calvo C, Nandy A, Peselj C, Drobysheva S, Pelosi L, Vgtle FN, Pierrel F, Ott M, Bttner S. Nat Commun. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy dietary pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:823-7. March 29, 2021 *For infants from birth to age 6 months, the AI is based on mean manganese intakes of infants fed primarily human milk. In addition, low manganese is may be an effect of certain diseases and disorders, rather than the cause. Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: A review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies. However, research suggests that manganese deficiency may cause rashes, mood swings, and a loss of hair color in men. No known groups of people are likely to have inadequate manganese intakes. Manganese is found pretty much everywhere: in the air, water, and soil. Ataxia This is a neurological condition characterized by lack of muscle movement and coordination. 20 Signs of manganese deficiency in animals can include impaired growth and reproductive function, altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, impaired glucose tolerance and skeletal abnormalities. [, Filippini T, Cilloni S, Malavolti M, Violi F, Malagoli C, Tesauro M, et al. This study included 1,614 adults with type 2 diabetes (mean age 52.5 years) and 1,614 adults without diabetes (mean age 54.7 years). We readily ingest it through food and water. Your email address will not be published. Manganese is present in a wide variety of foods, including whole grains, clams, oysters, mussels, nuts, soybeans and other legumes, rice, leafy vegetables, coffee, tea, and many spices, such as black pepper [1,2,5,10,11]. People with the following conditions could be at risk of lower-than-ideal manganese levels: Manganese levels in your blood can be evaluated using a simple blood test. They can help estimate recent exposure to manganese, spanning a couple of months before the test [13, 14]. . You should always use the reference ranges that are provided with your laboratory report when interpreting your results. [, Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M. Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Taking unnecessary supplements can cause an overdose of manganese, which will lead to serious health issues. (2001). We look at the nutrition and benefits. Buchman AR. Learn more about the Merck Manuals and our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge. https://www.medindia.net/patients/lifestyleandwellness/manganese-deficiency.htm. Rodrguez-Agudelo Y, Riojas-Rodrguez H, Ros C, Rosas I, Sabido Pedraza E, Miranda J, Siebe C, Texcalac JL, Santos-Burgoa C. Sci Total Environ. If you dont get enough, you could end up with manganese deficiency and you might not know it. GUILARTE R. T. Manganese and Parkinson's disease: a critical review . Manganese is required for the proper functioning of the brain and so it is used in the treatment of nervous disorders such as Alzheimers disease and schizophrenia. Trace element status in patients with type 2 diabetes in Norway: The HUNT3 Survey. Manganese deficiency is not a common problem as it is present and consumed in a wide variety of grains. Industrial workers absorb manganese mainly through the lungs. If you suspect your manganese is low, eating manganese-rich food is usually better than supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017;41:91-8. 11th ed. Low levels of manganese may also reduce fertility and cause skeletal problems in unborn babies. The pineapple, yogurt, banana, and honey disguise the taste of the kale. Manganese deficiency has been observed in a number of animal species, but manganese deficiency is not a concern in humans. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018: 7580707. A dish consisting of 1 cup of raw or cooked spinach or 1 cup of mussels will provide 13 percent of a persons daily manganese requirement. MnSOD (manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase) is one of the most important enzymes related to manganese intake. Enter search terms to find related medical topics, multimedia and more. So, how do you know whether youre getting enough of this essential micronutrient? One of the simplest ways to increase your intake of manganese is to have a cup of black tea with your breakfast as this will provide 24 percent of your daily requirement for this mineral. No data are available on the relative bioavailability of different forms of supplemental manganese. Manganese is a naturally occurring element and an essential mineral nutrient. Manganese deficiency is a condition that develops when individuals does not receive an adequate amount of manganese in their daily diet. However, manganese toxicity has occurred in people working in such occupations as welding and mining who were exposed to high amounts of manganese from chronic inhalation of manganese dust [1,39]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. [3] The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which provides dietary intake data for most nutrients, does not include manganese [19].
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