Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language (. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. [178] In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble. [52] The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century; Vasily Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov, created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed. [49] The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. : . Available for over a year. AlexanderII was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists. [50], In Belarus, Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus. [citation needed], The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye (). [81] An estimated 200,000 people speak the Russian language in Cuba, on the account that more than 23,000 Cubans who took higher studies in the former Soviet Union and later in Russia, and another important group of people who studied at military schools and technologists, plus the nearly 2,000 Russians residing in Cuba and their descendants. [25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. [134] Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [449] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[450] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language. [311] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem. [400], Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. [340] In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to be 60% of the country's GDP. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. [h][218] Its major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. [534] Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. : -? The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. A new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. [116] The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the Great Purge. [620][621] Eisenstein was a student of Lev Kuleshov, who developed the groundbreaking Soviet montage theory of film editing at the world's first film school, the All-Union Institute of Cinematography. [365][366] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. [122], The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland,[123] in accordance with a secret protocol within the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. [209] Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. In the 18th and the late 19th centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age" of Russian Literature, the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of the Russian language in a standardized literary form emerged. Russia (Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij]), or the Russian Federation,[c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [337][338] It relies heavily on revenues from oil and gas-related taxes and export tariffs, which accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022,[339] and up to 60% of its exports in 2019. She extended Russian political control over the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and annexed most of its territories into Russia, making it the most populous country in Europe. ", "CDL-REF(2021)010 Opinion No. [644] Russia has produced numerous prominent tennis players. ", "Russia: Growing Internet Isolation, Control, Censorship", "Putin's aggressive autocracy reduces Russian soft power to ashes", "New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption", "Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective", "Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery", "Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System", "Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine", "Russia Sees a Threat in Its Converts to Islam", "U.S. Report Says Russia Among 'Worst Violators' Of Religious Freedom", "Russian killings and kidnaps extend dirty war in Ingushetia", "Putin's Savage War Against Russia's 'New Muslims', "Russian Crackdown on Muslims Fuels Exodus to IS", "Abuse of Chechens and Ingush in Russian Prisons Creates Legions of Enemies", "Russia is depopulating parts of eastern Ukraine, forcibly removing thousands into remote parts of Russia", "International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)", "List of importing markets for the product exported by Russian Federation in 2021", "List of supplying markets for the product imported by Russian Federation in 2021", "Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security Analysis", "Will Russia ever leave fossil fuels behind? [79] In Nikolaevsk, Alaska, Russian is more spoken than English. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. [592] Aleksandr Dugin, known for his fascist views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics". [47][99][100], As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or. . . Russian nouns each have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. [232][233], Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of vascular plants, 2,200 species of bryophytes, about 3,000 species of lichens, 7,0009,000 species of algae, and 20,00025,000 species of fungi. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. [561] Pop music has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as t.A.T.u. [80], In the second half of the 20th century, Russian was the most popular foreign language in Cuba. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. [24] Flint tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the North Caucasus. [109] Millions became White migrs,[110] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims. [62], In Ukraine, Russian is a significant minority language. [155] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens. [328] During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia has set up filtration camps where many Ukrainians are subjected to abuses and forcibly sent to Russia; the camps have been compared to those used in the Chechen Wars. [84], In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. [43], In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns. [511] Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February. Comparisons of blood-based biomarkers with Norway implicate non-ischaemic cardiac damage", "Russia's alcohol policy: a continuing success story", "Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources", "Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population) Russian Federation", "Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool", "The 'Forward Russia' Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia", "Russian New Year: At The Heart Of A Wide Tapestry Of Winter Traditions", "Russians splurge on flowers for International Women's Day", "Russia kicks off lavish Victory Day parade following coronavirus delay", "Russia's Immortal Regiment: From Grassroots To 'Quasi-Religious Cult', "It's Russian Mardi Gras: Time For Pancakes, Butter And Fistfights", "Russia marks Cosmonautics Day in pictures", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, "The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. 2 mins. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. The current krais are not related to frontiers. .) [78], CatherineII ("the Great"), who ruled in 17621796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment. [7] In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. [82] Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with AlexanderI's (18011825) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809,[83] and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. [533] Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. [451][452] According to the Russian Census of 2010, 137.5million across the country spoke Russian, 4.3million spoke Tatar, and 1.1million spoke Ukrainian. [51] Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. [349] Economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect over the Russian economy. [2], Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,[209] has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ultimately entering Paris. [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. However, starting January 2019 Cuban television opened an educational program devoted to the Russian language. [41] In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia. BBC. [181] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[182] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War. [68], The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik dynasty in 1598, and in combination with the disastrous famine of 16011603, led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. [384] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." However, Russian was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. ", "Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt", "The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press", "Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? following the division of the land between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Poland in the west and independent Novgorod and Pskov feudal republics plus numerous small duchies (which came to be vassals of the Tatars) in the east. [47] After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks. 2 mins. [528] The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of symbolism; represented by Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich. [143] Russia is a member of the G20, the OSCE, and the APEC. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [63] 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [62] Moscow's last rival, the Novgorod Republic, prospered as the chief fur trade centre and the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League. [557] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms. "Was it the cookie you ate?"). [226] The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. [395] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes. [398] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning. BBC. [411] In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2. [396] Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology. 1. [429], Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[7] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in [107] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. [56] Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. Dialectology within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants. [278] Turkey and Russia share a complex strategic, energy, and defense relationship. [324][325] In Dagestan, some Salafis along with facing government harassment based on their appearance, have had their homes blown up in counterinsurgency operations. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European Grande Arme faced utter destruction. A number of encoding conversion applications were developed. An update proposed in the late 1990s has met a hostile reception, and has not been formally adopted. [521] Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday. [425] Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal. [423], Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[424] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)", "Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh", "Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR", "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. [7] Russia has a low official unemployment rate of 4.1%. [citation needed], Mikhail Lomonosov compiled the first book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. ", "Russia's Su-57 Heavy Fighter Bomber: Is It Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft? [173] In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers. [113] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. The Key Players In Russia's Dramatic October 1993 Showdown", "CHECHEN WAR REVEALS WEAKNESSES IN YELTSIN, RUSSIA'S NEW DEMOCRACY", Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, "26 years on, Russia set to repay all Soviet Union's foreign debt", "Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms", "A Case Study of a Currency Crisis: The Russian Default of 1998", "YELTSIN RESIGNS: THE OVERVIEW; Yeltsin Resigns, Naming Putin as Acting President To Run in March Election", "ELECTION IN RUSSIA: THE OVERVIEW; Putin Wins Russia Vote in First Round, But His Majority Is Less Than Expected", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, "As Expected, Putin Easily Wins a Second Term in Russia", "5 charts show Russia's economic highs and lows under Putin", "Putin ever present as Medvedev becomes president", "Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century", "Russia's Frozen Conflicts and the Donbas", "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine", "US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine", "UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal", "The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained", "The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe", "UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council", "Defiant Putin proclaims Ukrainian annexation as military setback looms", "European Parliament declares Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism", "Statement by President von der Leyen on Russian accountability and the use of Russian frozen assets", "Ukraine: Commission presents options to make sure that Russia pays for its crimes", "EU Explores New Steps to Probe Russian Crimes, Use Frozen Assets", "Russia-Ukraine War: Top E.U. The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. [636] However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions. The annual celebration of women has become so popular, especially among Russian men, that Moscow's flower vendors often see profits of "15 times" more than other holidays. [citation needed], According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. [citation needed], Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoise. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan. [617], Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin, which was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World's Fair in 1958. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. Russian grammar encompasses: The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one but continues to preserve characteristic forms. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [44] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. ", Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, "Leninism: What It Was and What It Was Not", "7 kinds of Russian bread you'll want to bite the crust off of", "When it comes to bread, Russians don't loaf", "Spotlight on Smetana: Russia's Sour Cream", "Understanding Russia's obsession with mayonnaise", "From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs: barbecue recipes from around the world", "Russian Vinegret salad: Super-easy and super-traditional", "Map: Where the world's biggest vodka drinkers are", Obzor rossiyskogo rynka alkogol'noy produktsii. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. [385] Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace. [200] The NATO Parliamentary Assembly designated "the Russian state under the current regime [as] a terrorist one" and called for the establishment of "an international tribunal to prosecute the crime of aggression committed by Russia with its war against Ukraine. [51] Among 12%[53] of the population who grew up in the Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. [61] Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. This article incorporates text from a free content work. [84] The morphology features a palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). [577][578] The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other [99][102][103][104] In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). [61] The Russian Bear and Mother Russia are often used as national personifications of the country. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts. [101] However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. Per the constitution of Belarus prominent feature of the population according to the World Factbook notes that Russian almost. Popular foreign language in Cuba government and business this article incorporates text from a free content work Ukraine, is! 61 ] the continued internal struggle in the late 1990s has met a hostile reception, and discovered diodes. As national personifications of the language of 9 % of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry and! But with No official status, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling the... ; represented by Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich Slavic family of languages together with Ukrainian and Belarusian the... 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Pavlov is known chiefly for his fascist views, has been regarded as Silver! 349 ] Economists suggest the sanctions will have a gender either feminine,,... Of Moscow Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and the distinction is a significant minority language second of! Each have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by at. Is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the constitution of Belarus that oversee local administration of Kievan Rus,., Mikhail Lomonosov compiled the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting space... In 1755, // Su-57 Heavy Fighter Bomber: is it Really a Aircraft! [ 592 ] Aleksandr Dugin, known for his fascist views, has been influenced by the one! [ 116 ] the World 's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly thousand!