Winds in the Swiss Alps: Influence of Grid Resolution, Topography Filtering, Marinoni, A., Mirme, S., Molteni, U., Petaja, T., Riva, M., Rose, C., The elevation of 1000m above the valley centre line was chosen based on the valley depths; most of the valleys have a minimum depth of 1000m (valley topographies are described in detail in Sect.3). Geographic coordinates meanseither of the two lines of latitude and longitude whose intersection determines the geographical point of a place. Here, the cross-valley wind is perpendicular to the along-valley wind, but it is calculated at the slopes 5 to 10 grid points away from the valley centre line. (2018), which has the same horizontal grid spacing and spin-up time as our simulation, the mean RMSE over all stations in Lang-tang Catchment is 8.0K, which is notably larger than in our simulation. The up-valley wind propagation into the valley could be significantly interrupted by the flow forced to flow over the 1km high barrier. The 40-year climatology considered is the average of the month of December in the period from 1980 to 2019. With the same given solar heating, the valley atmosphere will warm more than the air above the plain which creates a pressure gradient between the plain and the valley. During the period from 18 to 21December2014, weather at the measurement site was reported to be sunny (supplementary material of Bianchi etal.,2021). Steep inclination in the valley floor (25) is associated with weaker and shallower up-valley winds compared with locations with a nearly flat valley floor (<1 inclination). The threshold wind speed, below which reliable measurements cannot be obtained, for the anemometers measuring at all three stations is 0.21ms1 for wind speed and 0.15ms1 for wind direction. Sub-grid-scale processes were parameterised as follows: the Thompson scheme for microphysics (Thompson etal.,2008), the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for General Circulation Model (RRTMG) scheme for long-wave and short-wave radiation (Iacono etal.,2008), the MellorYamadaJanji (Eta) turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) scheme for boundary-layer turbulence and the Eta similarity scheme for the surface layer (Janjic,1994). Unseeded Aussie takes down Kanepi! There is no need to call an API to do this. We've got answers. The length scale of the valleys in the along-valley direction is fairly similar. As the valleys are under similar large-scale forcing, the differences are assumed to be due to differences in the valley topographies. OpenWeather Dashboard is a visual tool for working with weather data and timely tracking of dangerous phenomena. Climatol., 34, 11111131. If you do not see some of the parameters in your API response it means that these weather phenomena are just not happened for the time of measurement for the city or location chosen. Your Shopping Cart will be saved and you'll be given a link. We also assume that, as all four valleys are under similar large-scale forcing, the differences in the along-valley winds are mainly due to differences in the valley topographies. The Khumbu Valley is shown by the yellow line that is second from the left in Fig.2b. Interactive maps show precipitation, clouds, pressure, wind around your location. We collect and process weather data from different sources such as global and local weather models, satellites, radars and a vast network of weather stations. Overall, the model manages to simulate the diurnal cycle of the winds that was evident in the observations. Dynamical Drivers of the Local Wind Regime in a Himalayan Valley, J. Geophys. Leaving everything behind, people are fleeing conflict in Ukraine. The widget will accurately retrieve the location's temperature, wind speed, air pressure, and other weather-related information when you enter it. 3. List of city ID 'city.list.json.gz' can be downloaded here. Subsidence warming is the dominant mechanisms leading to the heating of the air in the core of the valley in the morning transition phase, whereas the turbulent convective heat flux from the valley floor and the slopes is the dominant mechanism in the afternoon (Serafin and Zardi,2010). The threshold wind speed, below which reliable measurements cannot be obtained, for the anemometers measuring at all three stations is 0.21 m s 1 for wind speed and 0.15 m s 1 for wind direction. However, the timing of the diurnal cycle is well captured at all three stations (Fig.S1b, d and f in the Supplement). the unified NOAH land surface model in the WRF model, 20th conference on Laj, P., Lehtipalo, K., Kangasluoma, J., Kerminen, V., Kontkanen, J., The World is Not Flat: Implications for the Global Carbon Balance, Bull. You, or anyone with the link, can use it to retrieve your Cart at any time. Overall, the 400hPa wind speed and direction are similar between our simulation and the daily averages of ERA5 (Sect.2.1). The Weather Research and Forecasting model is run with a 1km horizontal grid spacing covering a 4d period in December2014. Soc., 95, 10211028. Figure11Diurnal variations in potential temperature in the valleys at model levels 0 (ad), 4 (eh) and 8 (il) during the last 2d of the simulation (2021December2014). Soc. 13, ISBN 90-277-2768-6, 1988.a, b, Tewari, M., F.Chen, W.W., Dudhia, J., LeMone, M.A., Mitchell, K., Ek, M., Meteorol. Headquarters in London, UK. It access current weather data for any location on Earth including over 200,000 cities! You might need to cast it to a QuantityType first. The 40-year average and the daily averages of the large-scale flow during the study period are shown in Fig.1. We can access weather data using openweathermap API. Local time is shown on the xaxes. Sensitivity of Simulated Wind Speed to Spatial Resolution over Complex It is the visual demonstration of the data we provide through our Agro API: Using only one API call, you can get Forecast (for 10 days with 3-hour step), Historical, and Current weather maps. Sci. with a contour interval of 1000m. Bonekamp, P., Collier, E., and Immerzeel, W.: The Impact of Spatial Resolution, Now the algorithm chooses the neighbouring grid point that has the highest surface height but is additionally forced to propagate into the assumed direction of the ridge, chosen by the user based on the topography map. Enter your OpenWeather API Key here (Required). Rajeev, K., Gunthe, S.S., and Kotamarthi, V.R.: Effects of spatial The jet seen in the 40-year average (Fig.1a) is much wider than in any of the daily averages, suggesting that the exact latitudinal position of the jet varies from day to day. A total of 4 consecutive days with clear skies were selected for the study period to simulate the thermally driven along-valley winds in this region. Geosci., 14, 49, So this was all aboutOpenWeatherMapAPI Python tutorial. The number of hours selectable. high altitude in the Khumbu Valley, Nepal Himalayas, 19941999, Bull. Subscribe to the new subscription plan "One Call by Call" and get all weather data for any coordinates with a single API call. The MBE, MAE and RMSE are calculated using Eqs.(1), (2) and (3) respectively: Here, Xwrf(t) and Xobs(t) are the modelled value at the closest model grid point and the observation at the station at the same time step t respectively. Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079m), Atmos. Geosci., 14, 49, Bollasina, M., Bertolani, L., and Tartari, G.: Meteorological observations at A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, At the valley entrance, the night-time winds vary from 2.5ms1 down-valley to 5ms1 up-valley (yellow time series, grid point 155 in Fig.6a). Weather Rev., 122, 927945, You can access data by passing city name or city name and country code. Here, (xi,yi) denote the coordinates of the ith grid point on the valley centre line in the inner model domain grid. OpenWeather. The black star indicates the location of the Nepal Climate Observatory Pyramid (NCO-P) station. The Khumbu Valley is an exception, as the valley becomes broader (i.e. You are already using a Unit of Measure by defining the Item as Number:Speed. 172, 133148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00438-3, 2019.a, Stull, R.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Atmospheric and Unlike in the other three valleys, the valley floor in the Kanchanjunga Valley only starts to incline strongly close to the top of the valley, and the near-surface warming reaches further into the Kanchanjunga Valley compared with the other three valleys. Question 2: Oceanographic Sciences Library, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, Vol. Please note that built-in geocoder functionality has been deprecated. Now we will access the weather information by passing city name. Got questions? 1. The strongest warming is located around same parts of the valleys on both days. You can access data of several cities simultaneously by calling several city IDs. Chem. Figure10Vertical cross-section of potential temperature change above the valley centre lines (yellow lines in Fig.2b) between 09:00 and 15:00LT on20December (a, c, e, g) and 21December (b, d, f, h). after your successful registration. This topic could be addressed in the future by performing a longer simulation. Translation is applied for the city name and description fields. Model Dev., 14, 14271443, Climatol., 34, 11111131, These two group of valleys can be separated by their topographical characteristics: the valleys in the west have a continuous inclination in the valley floor, and there is a 1km high perpendicular mountain barrier between the valley entrance and the plain; the valleys in the east have a 40 (Makalu) and 60km (Kanchanjunga) portion with a flat valley floor from the open valley entrance into the valley. Figure4The 400hPa wind speed (shading) and direction (white vectors) in the d01 domain at 12:00LT (noon) on 1821December2014. Wagner, J. S., Gohm, A., and Rotach, M. W.: Influence of along-valley terrain heterogeneity on exchange processes over idealized valleys, Atmos. The temperatures are both observed and modelled at 2m height above the surface, but the model temperatures are adjusted to correspond to the altitude of the observation site based on the dry adiabatic lapse rate. In the middle of the valley (purple time series, grid point 120), the onset of the up-valley winds occurs at the same time as in the other valleys, but there are two maximums: the first around 15:00LT and the second time around 18:00LT. The up-slope winds occur most often in the middle parts of the valleys, seen as red and purple time series in Fig.7. However, in the four Himalayan valleys, the ridge height also increases along the valley, whereas the ridge height was constant along the valley in the idealised valleys that Wagner etal. You can download list of city ID from this. The along-valley winds have a clear diurnal cycle with well-defined daytime up-valley winds and weak or absent nocturnal down-valley winds during 1821December (Fig.6). I found a very similar issue in OH1 : A free OpenWeather API key is required for the plugin to work. %wind-gust% This data is only returned by the API if the condition exists. Keep in mind when configuring this integration, that you new API key might not be activated yet. The night-time along-valley winds are weak and flow mostly in the up-valley direction. In this section you will learn how to access weather data for several cities. Using openweathermap API, you can access current weather of any location, weather forecasting, historical data, weather stations etc. To do this, we relate our results to previous studies that have used highly controlled idealised simulations to quantify the impact of valley geometry on valley winds. The first aim of this article is to identify the characteristics (wind speed, depth of the flow and diurnal cycle) of the local valley wind system in four major valleys in the Hindu KushKarakoramHimalayan (HKKH) region during this 4d period in December 2014. You can use the lang parameter to get the output in your language. It starts in January, it starts here in Australia. In both the morning (Fig.8a, b) and afternoon (Fig.9a, b), the wind component towards the valleys decreases to 1ms1 for the whole depth of the plain-to-valley wind layer. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. The north-westerlies penetrate into the valley atmosphere through the gaps and open southnorth-orientated structures surrounding the top of the valley. Goldberg, M.: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, Bull. For getting openweathermap data, you have to pass the following keywords in url of your browser. The local valley winds in the Nepal Himalayas during the 1821December period in2014 were studied using a high-resolution WRF simulation. Details about the API are available in the OpenWeatherMap documentation. Cross-valley width at an elevation of 1000m above the valley centre line is shown using the blue line. The supplement related to this article is available online at:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023-supplement. (metres above sea level) from grid point 120 to grid point 30 with the slope varying between 0 and 6. In the morning (20December at 09:00LT), the potential temperature difference between the valley atmosphere and the plain is small in the layer where the up-valley winds flow (Fig.8). The RMSE in the 2m temperature ranges from 2.5 to 2.7K for daytime (06:0018:00LT) and from 2.2 to 3.5 for night-time (18:0006:00LT) (Table2). Default Weather Strings with Example Screenshots, Format Strings Three & Four within DIV's and styled wih CSS, All these commands are available from the command palette and the ribbon icon, https://home.openweathermap.org/users/sign_up, Insert current weather into your documents, Four customizable weather strings available. The simulation used in this study is identical to the simulation that Bianchi etal. The valley width is calculated at an elevation of 1000m above the valley centre line. Sport; Tennis; Australian Open 2023 day 2: Novak Djokovic makes triumphant return on day of wild weather. Issue: [Weather Binding] OpenWeatherMap doesn't give windspeed in km/h as default. Wind direction for the forecasts time period, degrees (meteorological). This paper was edited by Peter Haynes and reviewed by two anonymous referees. Here is what I did: Seems to work well now. github.com/openhab/openhab1-addons I have configured the openweathermap add-on to get the current wind speed. If you want to know more the Stack Overflow answers have explanations along with comments for what the magic numbers represent. Combined Rain and Snow volume for the forecasts time period, mm. In addition, the valley floors slope much more steeply in the Himalayan valleys compared with the valleys in Wagner etal. 2012 2022 OpenWeather All rights reserved, 8,000+ OpenWeatherMap weather API repositories on GitHub, Google Weather-Based Campaign Management with OpenWeatherMap API, Connect your weather station to OpenWeatherMap, Get weather data for free for open source project, Vegetation indicies statistics by each recognised field, Climate data for regions and particular field, Vegetation indices and Historical NDVI chart, Current, Forecast and Historical weather data. Res.-Atmos., 123, 1318613202. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science since 2014. The wind speed is mostly less than 2ms1 in the Gaurishankar and Khumbu valleys, and the flow depth above the valley centre line is 5001000m. Hey u/dannyk6 - any chance that you can change the default metric units for wind speed from m/s to kph? Meteorol. According to recent studies comparing high-resolution WRF simulations to observations in the European Alps (Giovannini etal.,2014a, b) and in the Himalayas (Collier and Immerzeel,2015; Karki etal.,2017; Potter etal.,2018), our model set-up is suitable for studying local valley winds within the inner domain in our simulation. Porting a Javascript To Do app to Angular, Obtaining browser location information using Angular. Black solid lines show the WRF simulation topography (ma.s.l.) In this case, the API response should be returned in the same language as the language of requested location name if the location is in our predefined list of more than 200,000 locations. The vertical extent of the warming is more evident in the cross-sections shown in Fig.10, as the layer in which the surface-based warming exceeds 2K between 09:00 and 15:00LT is hundreds of metres deeper than above the valley. An adaptive time step with a target CourantFriedrichsLewy value of 0.8 was used to keep the simulation numerically stable. Thanks for your help! The Stack Overflow answers here and here that helped me understand how to convert wind direction to compass points. Instead, we select a 4d period to simulate and perform an in-depth case study. For professionals and specialists with middle and large sized project, we recommend our Professional collections. (2021) analysed in their study. Thanks everyone. Giovannini, L., Antonacci, G., Zardi, D., Laiti, L., and Panziera, L.: Learn more, 2012 2022 OpenWeather All rights reserved, Min/max temperature in current weather API and forecast API, List of all API parameters with available units, Geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude). Ek, M., Meng, J., Wei, H., Yang, R., Lord, S., vanden Dool, H., Kumar, A., Review the forecast and know how weather conditions evolve over your routes to keep your employees safer on the road and out storms way. Thompson, G., Field, P.R., Rasmussen, R.M., and Hall, W.D.: Explicit Figures10 and 11 show that the diurnal cycle of potential temperature reaches higher up in the valley atmosphere compared with over the plain. standard, metric, and imperial units are available. Analyze the response. Karki, R., ulHasson, S., Gerlitz, L., Schickhoff, U., Scholten, T., and Bhner, J.: Quantifying the added value of convection-permitting climate simulations in complex terrain: a systematic evaluation of WRF over the Himalayas, Earth Syst. Chem. Whiteman, C.D. and Doran, J.C.: The Relationship between Overlying G., Villani, P., Vuillermoz, E., and Cristofanelli, P.: Atmospheric Brown Himalayas, J. Bonaf, U., Calzolari, F., Colombo, T., Decesari, S., DiBiagio, C., You can insert the following DIV inside your documents to provide dynamic weather which is updated at the frequency set in the settings Update Frequency setting. Sci., 67, 37393756. Meteorol. They combined insitu aerosol observations and numerical model simulations with the high-resolution WRF model and the Lagrangian flexible particle dispersion mode (FLEXPART). Black solid contours show the WRF simulation topography at 3000 and 5000ma.s.l. Himalayas, J. Whiteman, C. D.: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, New York, Oxford University Press. Ice, 38, 6673, https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.38.Special_66, 1976.a, b, Janjic, Z.I.: The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further Developments of Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Weather You need an API key, which is free, but requires a registration. All Logos & Trademark Belongs To Their Respective Owners . The second aim is to identify notable differences between the four valleys in terms of their local wind systems. This research has been supported by the H2020 European Research Council (grant no. Current, forecasted and historical Temperature, Pressure, Wind speed, Clouds, and others (15 layers in total) OpenWeather mobile app. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and forecasted weather data via light-speed APIs. NCO-P and the Namche AWS are located in open areas, whereas the Lukla AWS is surrounded by trees, according to the station photos from http://geonetwork.evk2cnr.org, last access: 19December2022. Figure3 gives an overview of the topographic characteristics along each of the four valleys based on the diagnostics defined in Sect.2.3.1. weather analysis and forecasting/16th conference on numerical weather And if you have any query regarding this then leave your comment. In the result you can see the complete weather data of city ID 2172797. ", Accessing Data For Cities Within A Rectangle Zone, "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/box/city? Overall, from the WRF simulation, there is not strong evidence of well-defined thermally driven circulation in the cross-valley direction in the four valleys (Fig.S3 and S4 in the Supplement). The algorithm starts from the valley top, from a grid point chosen by the user, from where it finds the way down to the valley entrance by choosing the neighbouring grid point with the lowest surface height. They need shelter, food, and water. Figure11 shows the deviation of potential temperature at each along-valley grid point (yaxis) on three model levels from the 2d average of potential temperature during the2021December period. The number of days selectable. If you dont pass country code thensearch works for USA as a default. Glaciol. Day-to-day variation in the along-valley winds is low, the along-valley wind speeds vary less than 2ms1 in each part of the valley, and the onset and offset of the up-valley winds vary by less than 1h during 1821December. And now write the following code snippets and run them. During night-time, the along-valley winds remain mostly in the up-valley direction with magnitudes of less than 2ms1 except at the valley top, where, on the night between 18 and 19 December, the along-valley wind is weak (<1ms1) and in the down-valley direction (Fig.6). Res.-Atmos., 126, 3, Kain, J.S.: The Kain-Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update, J. A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R.J., Hlm, E., Janiskov, M., Figure10 shows the potential temperature at 15:00LT minus the potential temperature at 09:00LT as a vertical cross-section above the valley centre lines on20 and 21December. (2015). Soc. Temperature is available in Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin units. In the lower parts of the valleys (from the yellow crosses to purple crosses), the up-valley winds flow in a deeper layer compared with the upper parts (from red crosses to blue crosses). Daytime up-valley winds are found in all four valleys during the simulated 4d period. However, the cross-valley wind component is not always directed in exactly the same direction as the local slope on the valley sidewalls. The formation of these winds are sensitive to, for example, any large-scale forcing (Whiteman and Doran,1993) and the geometry of the valley topography (Wagner etal.,2015) which makes them unique for each and every valley. openweathermap API It is a fast and easy-to-work weather APIs. Potter, E.R., Orr, A., Willis, I.C., Bannister, D., and Salerno, F.: Weather data Meteorol., So you just need to put the units in your label to display it properly. If you need to convert city names and zip-codes to geo coordinates and the other way around automatically, please use our Geocoding API. The time period these sensors use depends on the forecast mode selected when configuring the integration: hourly or onecall_hourly will show conditions for the current hour of the day, while daily or onecall_daily will show conditions for the current day. This is concatenation of base_url, API_key and city_id, # this variable contain the JSON data which the API returns, # JSON data is difficult to visualize, so you need to pretty print, "\nWeather Data By Geograhic Coordinates :", OpenWeatherMapAPI Python Tutorial -Access Current Weather Data For Several Cities, "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/find? Makalu and Kanchanjunga, on the other hand, have a 40km long almost flat portion close to the valley entrance and no barrier. Overall, the daily cycle of the along-valley winds in Khumbu Valley are similar among existing studies, with well-defined daytime up-valley winds and weaker night-time winds flowing either in the up- or down-valley direction. (cities, zip codes). Soc., 95, 10211028, This product provides users with current, forecast and historical solar radiation data for any coordinates on the globe. in the valley atmosphere) would correlate with the depth of the daytime up-valley wind layer if pressure is horizontally homogeneous above the heated layer. At Namche, a clearer diurnal cycle is seen in both modelled and observed near-surface wind speeds (Fig.S1c in the Supplement). Configure the OpenWeather - Get weather forecast action javascript - I have wind direction data coming from OpenWeatherMap API, and the data is represented in 0 to 360 degrees. The observations are provided as hourly averages, meaning that the comparison includes 48 time steps for daytime and 60 time steps for night-time in total. Ebisuzaki, W., Lin, R., Xie, P., Chen, M., Zhou, S., Higgins, W., Zou, C.-Z., Water Resour. Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Han, Y., Cucurull, L., Reynolds, R.W., Rutledge, G., and Local winds in four valleys located in the Nepal Himalayas are studied by means of All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under the. The Kanchanjunga Valley is an exception among the valleys, as the daytime up-valley winds reach the top of the valley even during days with large-scale north-westerlies. This work is distributed under, Daytime along-valley winds in the Himalayas as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A comparative high-altitude meteorological analysis from three catchments in The easternmost valley, Kanchanjunga, is an exception here because it is surrounded by sufficiently high ridges on the sides and at the valley top (Fig.3d) that shelter the valley atmosphere from the large-scale flow channelling. the valley width increases) from the along-valley grid point 40 (xaxis in Fig.3b), at the valley floor elevation of 3000m, towards the valley top (along-valley grid point 0). Some of the chosen grid points for cross-valley analysis may be located outside the valley atmosphere and, thus, may show strong near-surface winds due to the impact of large-scale winds. The grid points on both slopes are selected to have the same elevation gain with respect to the valley centre line height and, thus, can differ regarding their horizontal distance from the centre line. Note: You will need to verify your email address, then your API key will be emailed to you. A clear diurnal cycle of cross-valley winds on both the west and east slope at the same point is found only in the middle parts (red and purple time series) of the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys during the 1921December period (Fig.7e, f, g, h). Setting St John's as my default city on DakBoard, the DakBoard widgit shows the wind as 8.