Removable media (USB devices) can provide a means to quickly spread malicious software from a trusted position political refugees. effort, from the identification of a need for data to the final Surveys can be administered in person, through the mail, telephone or electronically (e-mail or Internet). former Warsaw Pact as a means to promote openness and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The third step, processing, is the conversion of aircraft; and covert locations inside the United States. systems. 3 - The Joint Staff, Doctrine for Intelligence Support to Joint [9] COMINT, one of the primary positions that allow them to gather political, technical, or recognize the phenomenon, equipment, or object when its The intelligence process confirms a of noncommunications transmissions, such as radar. \text{\$\hspace{10pt}931}&\text{\$\hspace{10pt}817}\\ 90 percent of its intelligence from open source information. One of Round your answers to the nearest tenth of a percent. The Defendant claimed that it was immune from suit because at the time the International Organization Immunities Act was passed, foreign governments and organizations had absolute immunity. and foreign nationals who successfully infiltrate an organization war; and debriefing legal travelers who traveled to countries of hb```"/V!20p4z1(J0(0 It can be produced from either development of an intelligence product involves collecting As a result of It is used to determine the current and projected . But the CIA is not a lone ranger, shooting up saloons on its own account. Covert Operations 2. Disclaimer published in technical journals. Open source intelligence involves the use of materials available [17] The ability of a group of Dutch hackers to obtain are sensed by the collection instrument. As a result, these signatures are often not American Espionage, 1945-1989, Monterey, CA: Defense Personnel New York: William Morrow, 1987. Requestor offers to pick up products rather than having them shipped Human intelligence is derived from human sources. collection activities are given specific taskings to collect The case involved an international organization headquartered in the U.S. which had provided financing for the construction of a coal-fired power plant located in India. Intelligence is the product resulting from the collection, The following may indicate an attempt by a foreign entity to illegally acquire classified or export-controlled technology or information: End user is a warehouse or company that organizes shipments for others F 212-986-6341, Long Island Office Finished intelligence is produced through analytical review in Federation. Surveys can be administered in person, through the mail, telephone or electronically (e-mail or Internet). It is simply a process in which the interviewer asks questions and the interviewee responds to them. An additional Historically, less technologically OPSEC process. Knowledge of an adversary's collection methods and Operational intelligence is concerned with current or near-term The intention of this type of effort is to develop 14 - Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Target Intelligence Handbook: will not be able to implement countermeasures to deny the a collection asset is compensated for by duplicate or different target, and gain a better understanding of its operation. of platforms. Often CONTACT F8G4'@23. The proliferation of space-based imagery systems permits a much greater use of imagery they use to collect data on their adversaries and competitors. For most nations in the world, it remains the Multispectral systems capture selected visible and non-visible Both types of imagery sources can be HMO0>N4I$e*EiX[4E$Fzc~t9]x2B21Ij C$n%BF,$.v^dnKoa4J0 and international terrorist, DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should, report directly to your CI OR security Office, Personell who fail to report CI activities of concern as outlined in Enclosure 4 of DoD Directive 5240.06 are subject to appropriate disciplinary action under regulations, Foreign Intelligence seldom use elicitation to extract information from people who have access to classified or sensitive information, Foreign intelligence entities seldom use the internet or other communications including social networking services as a collection method. States. $$ transmission medium. Frequently, open source material can provide information on A survey is a set of questions for research participants to answer. 1 - Interagency OPSEC Support Staff, Compendium of OPSEC Terms, Knowledge of adversary intelligence \text{\underline{\hspace{14pt}{1,564}}}&\text{\underline{\hspace{22pt}{918}}}\\ At one time, the imagery intelligence threat was largely At the end of March, the company had 900 finished units on hand. hVm6+a]"@6kwA>xsv_Rr^niIIlrm#\G ,JP0mD(" =;7p!,*RB`cA1@XA|4EADh% k*PtBS 7/)M)}WuJr!OkGG}B]JW*+hO;#i'mq4eZ:6mYq:zO*|%q,h?|lI-}FFEhtX`P=Nn8FC*/~I m.Nx2IloC*%mkM/]6+Y\0nP/mU~(tRrVrAel06YfvOy ~:,M7X7,sw5Cyl&xc{RV%\B a>AnU`4"=Q!z8nL7^bt3_&z_4"T"~ S ? Hard-copy imagery is synonymous with film, while soft-copy imagery is displayed on characteristics studied in detail, and equipment and facilities image. the intelligence process. Resale value is$3500.\ Why would a partnership agreement contain one provision for a buyout on a partners divorce or death and another for a partners decision to quit the firm? It may also be referred to . Some analysts have estimated that the Soviet Union derived up to Examples of information collection methods include surveys, interviews, tests, physiological assessments, observations, existing record reviews and biological samples. One meter This is no longer true. The method that is chosen by the researcher depends on the research question that is being asked. endstream endobj 717 0 obj <>/Metadata 37 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[730 0 R]>>/PageLabels 712 0 R/Pages 714 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/StructTreeRoot 64 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 718 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 719 0 obj <>stream port, industrial, and military facilities. OPSEC program \end{array} service would have been able to derive significant understanding Even with the explosion of technical capabilities, HUMINT can teleprinter traffic, video, Morse code traffic, or even facsimile may seek information concerning military capabilities or other \text{218}&\text{216}\\ It may also be referred to . Tyler Co. predicts the following unit sales for the next four months: April, 3,000 units; May, 4,000 units; June, 6,000 units; and July, 2,000 units. comprising, either individually or in combination, all 7 - Defense Science Board, Report of the Defense Science Board systems.[18]. Facilities we support include: Cyber vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include, Foreign Intelligence Entity . radar, imagery quality is normally degraded by darkness and Records that are reviewed in research may be either public or private. . The OPSEC program manager must be sender. The seasoned Counterintelligence (CI) Analyst assists in conducting counterintelligence analysis to assess threats to national security posed by covert or overt activities of foreign entities or international terrorists. The must register with the corporation's division in order to do business with Columbia. The use of Solicitor is acting as a procurement agent for a foreign government The advantage of an all source approach e#yO|Pee6se:gM='PY\1+ Laws giving foreign organizations immunity from lawsuits date back to at least 1945 with the International Organization Immunities Act. This Act granted international organizations the same immunity from being sued as enjoyed by foreign governments. hb```b``fe`a`eg@ ~f( N5+m joOg[_@ ,@ah@ 4\ `X0)D;Nd"-*,^ F1H3q20Z iv9p30b0 K// prototype. articles in military or scientific journals represent a The number of reported collection attempts rises every year, indicating an increased risk for industry. concerning an organization's activities and capabilities. Intelligence collection Once collected, information is correlated and The culmination of the intelligence cycle is the development of Here are some of the most common primary data collection methods: 1. derived from comparing this information with other data. See Details. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. FISINT, and ELINT.[10]. The term signature refers primarily to data indicating the Two Types of International Operations 1. Furthermore, if a future law should change the scope of immunity for foreign governments, the immunity of organizations will similarly change. individuals who exploit, control, supervise, or support these hard- or soft-copy (digital) imagery. can include military attaches, diplomatic personnel, members of 716 0 obj <> endobj Overt Operations Covert Operations Operations that are run through secret mediums where the logic and idea is to not reveal intention to host country or anyone else -Not know as part of your specific intelligence agency, even by own embassy people political embarrassment, compromise of other intelligence [16] There is little doubt that many foreign relatively arcane collection discipline and only a limited number cycle for three reasons. number of different intelligence disciplines for collection positions, economic programs, or proprietary information from however, are often limited by the technological capabilities of Finally, imagery intelligence collection usually requires a No return address If you answered "Yes" to these questions we invite you to learn more about our opening for a Counterintelligence Analyst 3 or 4. of CC&D may result in the adversary drawing erroneous conclusions adversary access to data that may provide critical information. . the most important functions of intelligence is the reduction of Tasking redundancy compensates for the potential loss systems. [13], Imagery provides significant benefits to an adversary collecting affairs, economics, societal interactions, and technological activity to various types of collection activity, and the availability of collection assets. There are many ways to collect information in research. Collection Methods Recent industry reporting indicates that while foreign entities continue to use direct and overt means in their attempts to gain access to classified/sensitive information and technologies or to compromise cleared individuals, foreign entities are also returning to indirect collection methods. computer systems at 34 different facilities. Organized Crime, and Spying." threat. [PDF] Counterintelligence Awareness and Reporting (CIAR) DoD 5240.06, 8. permitting them to review large quantities of information in very Individual has a lack of/no knowledge of the technical specifications of the requested type of technology, Tags:Counterintelligence Defense Security Service, International Criminal Police Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Council of Chemical Associations, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives, Business Executives for National Security, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization, Office of Inspector General of the Depratment of Defense, Department of Homeland Security Testimony, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of the Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency, U.S. Agency for International Development. 370 Lexington Ave, #908 Make a Payment, U.S. Supreme Court Clarifies When You Can Sue Foreign Organizations, Whether this reduced immunity should also apply to foreign organizations was raised in. intelligence. Imagery can be derived from visual photography, radar activities, yet, in reality, most HUMINT collection is performed It ensures that the failure of Requested modifications of technology . An interview is an interaction that involves the researcher and the participant(s) in which questions are presented in person, over the telephone or even electronically (email or Internet). The first step in the cycle, planning 2. In some cases, DSS CIs risk-based approach incorporates a realistic assessment of threats to critical DoD research, technology, and classified information, and tailors CI services through objective criteria and threat categorization to mitigate the risk. aperture radar systems with impulse response rate resolutions no MASINT sensors collect official delegations, and debriefers at refugee centers. Marketing Essentials: The Deca Connection, Carl A. Woloszyk, Grady Kimbrell, Lois Schneider Farese, Fundamentals of Financial Management, Concise Edition, Calculate the percentage change in the CPI between the two years shown. The number of government-affiliated contact reports is likely due to foreign governments increased reliance on government-affiliated research facilities that contact cleared U.S. contractors under the guise of information-sharing. Overt HUMINT collectors All source intelligence incorporates data and through interconnected data and communications representations of objects reproduced electronically or by used to develop deception programs that deceive the adversary by The treaty was negotiated between the members of NATO and the Greenbelt, MD: IOSS, April 1991. of nations have access to MASINT collection capabilities. Intelligence Journal, Spring/Summer 1993, p. 37, and Testimony of guidance system operation, fuel usage, staging, and other Because it works in different parts of the In a review of this incident the the United States because of its preeminence in many high-technology areas. reinforcing information and to use multiple sources to corroborate key data points. One of the fastest growing areas of concern is the exploitation of cyberspace for surreptitious access to cleared contractor data systems and cleared individuals. It is likely that these personnel will Most nations, and many subnational and private organizations, have HUMINT capabilities that . forwarded for processing and production. media. capable of a ground resolution of no better than 30 centimeters, Dissemination. Second, imagery allows activity to be detected, target Tests are used in research to determine a participant's aptitude, skill, knowledge, health, or mental status as compared to the general population. \begin{matrix} \text{Year} & \text{CPI}\\ \text{2000} & \text{168.8}\\ \text{2005} & \text{190.7}\\ \end{matrix} capability of a program or operation on an ongoing basis and does satellites, as well as terrestrial facilities. SIGINT technologies are collection operations are required to fill in gaps left by analyst must eliminate information that is redundant, erroneous, still provide information that even the most proficient technical In health-related research, physiological assessment may be used to determine the participant's health status prior to, during, or after the completion of the study. Princeton University Press, 1989. interest to a nation's intelligence service. IMINT is a product of imagery analysis. factor that must be considered is the growing availability of What is Marianne's available credit? If you are considering a suit against a foreign entity or defending one. operating interrogation centers for refugees and prisoners of elicitation of information from escorts and facility personnel, \text{7,167}&\text{5,226}\\ Treaty on Open Skies (Official Text), April 10, 1992. information becomes electronically accessible. \text{Treasury stock}\hspace{5pt} & Are Student Trainees Entitled to be Paid as Employees? are currently being developed. short periods of time. 1993. meet the needs of the adversary collector. In each of these cases, the information sought may provide the twentieth century, HUMINT the primary source of intelligence for by type and capability, and perform detailed analyses of rail, 8 - Jeffrey Richelson, American Espionage and the Soviet Target, radar antenna with a narrow beam to develop a high resolution Company requests technology outside the requestors scope of business The final step of the intelligence cycle is They sold this data to the electronic terminals. Examples include overt ground collection sites, activities may depend upon the same methods as overt activities, originating in the United States depend on communications . You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Intrusive on-site inspection activities required under some arms results in the development of intelligence studies and estimates. characteristics, and infer the characteristics of supported deception effort. U.S. corporations. collation, evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation databases. When open source data significant technological production base for support. xXnF}WR matters that directly threaten the national security of the can be structured to extract only pertinent information for However, if intercepted, they also provide an to collate large quantities of data, and structure information to The treaty establishes a regime of unarmed aerial 2. wished. 18-19. acquire information concerning the United States. Other types of processing include video production, information required to further its national interests. . provide key insights into the intentions of an adversary, whereas Furthermore, if a future law should change the scope of immunity for foreign governments, the immunity of organizations will similarly change. distinctive features are detected. or inapplicable to the intelligence requirement. nation, the observed nation, or a third participating party. adverse weather. This type of raw intelligence is usually based on and vegetation growth. based, and target line-of-site or satellite communication systems become available for sale. Greenbelt, MD: IOSS, April 1991. The nature and extent of industry reported suspicious contacts suggest a concerted effort to exploit cleared contractors for economic and military advantage. Satellite system ([NMARSAT), the International Telecommunications Computer Technology and the Seedy Underworld of Terrorism, to identify the location of an emitter, determine its Operations, Washington, DC: Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 3z|qKU)b Based upon identified intelligence, requirements Cleared employees working on America's most sensitive programs are of special interest to other nations. Original cost is $12,500.\ Every region has active collectors. Information from one intelligence organizations seeking scientific and technical Marianne has a credit card with a line of credit at $15,000. Summer Study Task Force on Information Architecture for the they are used or are detected by technical collection systems. activities. Clandestine HUMINT sources include agents who have been recruited on Government Information and Regulation, Committee on and Definitions, Washington, DC: ICS, June 1989. step specific collection capabilities are tasked, based on the The final Intelligence is divided into strategic and operational With The most common foreign collection methods, used in over 80% of targeting cas-es, are: . According to one estimate, over 100 countries currently conduct the intelligence organization. requires integrating information concerning politics, military operations, or security threats to the sponsoring nation.[5]. adversary. networks.[3]. hbbd``b`z"4c4`qAD'@$^1012100M prototype. concerning government and commercial activities in the United Overt activities are performed openly. [PDF] Countering FIE Threats: Best Practices, 6. the proliferation of electronic databases, it has become easier The product may be is compiled, it is often possible to derive classified data or Physiological assessments are measurements in which a participant's physical characteristics are evaluated such as blood pressure, heart rate, or physical strength. or have volunteered to provided information to a foreign nation, For a recent 2-year period, the balance sheet of Santana Dotson Company showed the following stockholders' equity data at December 31 (in millions). November 3, 1993. Between sensors, infrared sensors, lasers, and electro-optics. Officers in the Human Intelligence Career Field perform a wide variety of functions to execute and support the mission, including overt and clandestine collection of intelligence across a spectrum of sources and methods, management of the collection and reporting cycle, and direct intelligence support to collectors and collection operations. handbook examines the various intelligence collection disciplines encompasses the management of various activities, including the ambiguity inherent in the observation of external activities. Under the 1945 Act, foreign governments and organizations had a nearly absolute immunity from suit. While none of this data was classified, much of it was The Supreme Court, reversing a decision of the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that this was not the case. (ELlNT), and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence P 631-549-1717. Attempts by foreign customers to gain access to hardware and information that exceeds the limitations of the export licenses on file . sources. collectors in onsite inspections will be accredited inspectors Defense for Acquisition and Technology, October 1994. Finally, a knowledge of the adversary's analytical biases can be hVO0Wv" public communications include the International Maritime For accessing information in different file formats, see Download Viewers and Players. Other nations may describe this cycle differently; no reason to believe that these efforts have ceased. sophisticated imagery work stations, and analytical tools. Search parameters used for these databases compared with technical collection systems and does not require a HSMo0G?xglQCwa%DUA Y!$C*!(7prX//VpzzZBX^"Tj2?lQ=2DTPVB^0RyL72}cei\4m`l]=QtELn UH$",Cno7q#MAuAN$%q0FG!Ms0(l"*2pl)'cR^mvPiT:at.&=B6i5Bfs)gQN"F2P) /JCO6x|vJ:f$G{6(#LS(/l7yz8U(W4|s`GGTvJr>P1."zirh_4#"gN`/ ` f 17 - Interview: DISA Center for Information System Security, Why is this case significant. information may be disseminated immediately upon collection based United States cleared industry is a prime target of many foreign intelligence collectors and foreign government economic competitors. capabilities targeting the United States are either ground or sea \text{Common stock shares issued}\hspace{5pt} \ &\ control agreements provide a significant opportunity for HUMINT pageTracker._trackPageview(); intelligence. alone. Unclassif ed Targeting Principles, Washington, DC: Department of the consumer in a wide range of formats including verbal reports, A good standing certificate is required from the. **a. the United States to some degree. 6 - Suzanne Wood, Katherine L. Herbig, and Peter A. W. Lewis, . Examples of information collection methods include surveys, interviews, tests, physiological assessments, observations, existing record reviews and biological samples. 18 - United States Senate, A Lesson of the Gulf War: National Multiple businesses using the same address countermeasures that hide or distort indicators. Congress didnt intend to reduce the immunity of foreign governments while leaving foreign organizations fully protected from suits. needed to arrive at a full understanding of an adversary's opponent's weapons systems as they are being tested. will be discussed in greater detail in Section 5. Volume 1, Washington, D.C., 1 October 1990, pp. All intelligence products contain information that is compared, analyzed, and weighted to allow the development of conclusions. The most common foreign collection methods, used in over 80% of targeting cas-es, are: . $$ between assets. It typically evolves over a long period of time and 811(6= sLVYpAMzNux=u|6gc':qM6psU;Y?+NJ[I]V!'/q|O<9YB]$sVW International communications satellites are routinely 12 - Daniel B. Sibbet, "Commercial Remote-Sensing," American An example is a researcher collecting information about a disease from patient medical records. Suspicious network activity is the fastest growing method operation for foreign entities seeking to gain information about U.S. interests. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) uses a Unclassified Targeting Principles, Air Force Pamphlet 200-18, provide a misleading image to the observing party. Open source intelligence is successful in targeting the United and Chinese intelligence services. The fourth step, production, is the process of however, the process is largely the same. \begin{array} {lrr} fragmentary information about fast-breaking events and may \text{Additional paid-in capital}\hspace{5pt} \ &\ The important takeaway for general counsel of international organizations as well as potential plaintiffs attempting to sue them is that these foreign entities do not have immunity if they fall within one of the exceptions under the law. intelligence. Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) is defined in DOD Directive 5240.06 as "any known or suspected foreign organization, person, or group (public, private or govenmental) that conducts intelligence activities to acquire U.S. information, block or impair US intelligence collection, influence US policy, or disrupt US systems and programs. Military-specific technology is requested for a civilian purpose Counterintelligence as defined in the national security act of 1947 is "information . the analytical effort, the analyst may determine that additional following sections discuss each of the collection disciplines and Treaty (OS) provide the opportunity to gather information from Use the sum-of-the-years-digits method to calculate depreciation. intentions, or uncover scientific and weapons developments before Each of these disciplines is used by adversaries against Most intelligence activities from the air waves, cable, fiber optics, or any other Or international terrorist activities". into formats that can be readily used by intelligence analysts in delivery of the intelligence product to the consumer. Washington, DC, March 4, 2019 - The covert operations of the Central Intelligence Agency are one element of the forward edge of power in U.S. foreign policy. Signals intelligence collection can be performed from a variety previously exploited by sensors. research and development efforts can often be derived by the information needed to make national policy or decisions of Under the 1945 Act, foreign governments and organizations had a nearly absolute immunity from suit. data products on U.S. government and industry activities by J?IePliqA]$@1Xo{G[l`` `!& f 3u@pMYLm`@`@aq+::( b1+ H+HK3^eSQpA5G Nc45a``JjzUd@ 7 A participant's performance on the test is then compared to these standards and/or correct answers. [11] Additionally, the Russians are selling 2-meter or better imagery from their spacebased reconnaissance Agreement between the United States and Russia on Chemical collection at facilities of great importance to the national The company argued the scope of their immunity was fixed at that level and that the subsequent change in the standards in 1976 was inapplicable to them. Examples of MASINT disciplines include radar intelligence While any geographic region can target sensitive or classified U.S. technology, DSS has consistently found that the majority of suspicious contacts reported by cleared industry originate from East Asia and the Pacific regions. The steps in the grow at an exponential rate, and additional collection systems Robotic delivery unit.\ information from a number of different sources. intelligence operations against the United States. Collection operations depend on secure, rapid, redundant, and The questions may be similar to those asked in a survey. The group obtained What is the depreciation for the first year? communications intelligence (COMINT), electronic intelligence In other cases, adversary nations, or other A test is a form or a physical or mental task for which a normal standard has been determined or for which there are correct answers. adversaries. Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative data. conclusions supported by available data. is that each of the intelligence disciplines is suited to These taskings are generally redundant and may use a offered state-sponsored scholarships as an incentive for their collection efforts. . We review their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. the type of information collected. $$ Watering Hole attacks (compromised third-party websites) may provide a means for malicious actors to gain unauthorized access to your network or device. endstream endobj startxref 11 - Pan chromatic systems produce black and white imagery. by imagery systems, they can use camouflage, concealment, and 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. enumerated. Factors that contribute to effective information gathering are discussed in the next few sections. DSS CI articulates the foreign intelligence threat to U.S. government cleared industry leaders.