Name any three Portuguese individuals who led expeditions to capture the east coast of Africa. State and explain the reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to the Coast of East Africa. The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895. Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth under the Sultan. The Majlis Al-Shura may request ministers to appear before it. Sandwiched between these imperial celebrities, the little-known history of the Omani Empire has failed to pique the interest of popular culture or more than a handful of scholars. 2008-2023 by KenyaPlex.com. It was owned by Indians and though the revolutionary government of Zanzibar urged it to continue functioning, the loss of its customer base as Indians left the island made it impossible to continue. He obtained direct military support from the UK, Iran, and Jordan. He lived to make the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba the largest clove producers in the world. During the 19th century, Muscat and Oman and the United Kingdom concluded several treaties of friendship and commerce. This agricultural and military contact gave people exposure to Persian culture, as reflected in certain irrigation techniques still used in Oman. [20]:761 After the First World War, more immigrants arrived from Britain and South Africa, and by 1919 the European population was estimated at 9,000 strong. In the early 1960s, the imam, exiled to Saudi Arabia, obtained support from his hosts and other Arab governments, but this support ended in the 1980s. According to the Guinness Book of World Records the resultant Anglo-Zanzibar War was the shortest war in history, and the same day Hamoud was able to assume the title of sultan, more indebted to the British than ever. The relationship between Oman and Zanzibar culminated in 1840: that year, Omani Sultan Said . In 1897 Lord Delamere, the pioneer of white settlement, arrived in the Kenya highlands, which was then part of the Protectorate. All were deported and some were killed. In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman, falling under the control of the Sultan of Oman. d) The harsh and ruthless rule and manner in which the Oman rulers collected taxes. For this, he was knighted by Queen Victoria. In 1845 he signed a further treaty with Britain, prohibiting both the export and import of slaves from or into his African dominions. He died at sea in 1856 and was greatly mourned by his subjects. Arab tribes migrated eastward to Oman, coinciding with the increasing presence in the region of peoples from present-day Iran. Determine whether each characteristic describes the Maya culture, the Aztec culture, or both cultures. [20]:762, On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. In 1886, the British and Germans secretly met and discussed their aims of expansion in the African Great Lakes, with spheres of influence already agreed upon the year before, with the British to take what would become the East Africa Protectorate (now Kenya) and the Germans to take present-day Tanzania. But when the British declared slavery . It administered about 240km (150mi) of coastline stretching from the River Jubba via Mombasa to German East Africa which were leased from the Sultan. help me with the iHuman case study of Caroline Casey 25 y/o 5' 6" (168 cm) 140.0 lb (63.6 kg) Reason for encounter 25-year old who desires contraception, patient is a 25-year old woman presenting with symptoms of dysuria and vaginal discharge. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. By about 250 B.C, the Parthian dynasty brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman. His rule was jeopardized by the British, who interpreted his policy of bringing the interior tribes under the central government as a move against their established order. For this he was decorated by Queen Victoria and his son and heir, Ali bin Hamud, was brought to England to be educated. 6 Sayyid Khalid bin Barghash Al-Busaid 25 August 1896 27 August 1896 Was a belligerent in the Anglo-Zanzibar War, the shortest war in recorded history. Born in 1791, Sad succeeded his father jointly with his brother Salm in 1804, but their cousin Badr immediately usurped the throne. The Ottomans, who competed with their Portuguese adversaries for access to lucrative sea lanes, also made several forays into the area. endobj The film Africa Addio documents the revolution, including a massacre of Arabs. ", The Official Website of the Zanzibar Royal Family, "Zanzibar, a sultanate and British protectorate of East Africa", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Zanzibar&oldid=1133751258, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, States and territories established in 1856, States and territories disestablished in 1964, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 15 January 2023, at 09:55. Discuss the economic organization of the Luo during pre-colonial period. His successor, Barghash bin Said, helped abolish the slave trade in Zanzibar and largely developed the country's infrastructure. (Ethnic difference, and the expulsion of those who had anywhere else to go, were repeated themes in East Africa, the most prominent example being the Expulsion of Indians in Uganda in 1972 by Idi Amin.). A majority of his subjects were Sunnite Muslims, and for them he appointed a special judge. 1 0 obj The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963. In August 1505, it became part of the Portuguese Empire when Captain John (Joo) Homere, part of Francisco de Almeida's fleet, captured the island. Agreement of 14 June 1890: State pp. Under Sultan Qaboos bin Said, who reigned from 1970 to 2020, the country pursued an independent foreign policy that emphasized non-interventionism. A notorious slave trader, plantation owner and governor, who worked for a succession of sultans of Zanzibar, he led many trading expeditions into east-central Africa, involving the slave trade and ivory trade. These empires brought order to the religious and ethnic diversity of the population of this cosmopolitan region. In a violent 1964 uprising known as the Zanzibar Revolution, the islands non-Arab majority revolted. 1920 No. Answers (1) When the Portuguese were driven out of the east coast in 1698, the coast came . vol. The sultan then terminated the Treaty of Seeb and eliminated the office of the imam. 1902 No. The earliest Zoroastrian and Christian sources indicate that the Dailamites originally came from Anatolia near the Tigris River. Because of need, there are many such pages at RHWW: usually, but not always, linked to primary pages. Oman rule became very effective in the east African coast through Seyyid Said. Discuss the factors that influenced the migration of plain nilotes and eventual settlement in Kenya. Now the Zanzibar caravans, Sads among them at latest by 1839, actively sought ivory, slaves, and other products, and a wholly new commercial system was created reaching beyond Lake Tanganyika and into modern Uganda. Throughout his reign he was under British pressure to end the slave trade. Africanus further noted that they all had standing agreements of loyalty with the major central African states, including the Kingdom of Mutapa.[13][14]. These countries, with Germany, became the principal buyers, but Sad also exported goods in his own ships to Arabia and India and, occasionally, to Europe and to the United States. Seyyid said appointed Liwalis to rule important towns. In the 3rd century A.D, the Sassanids succeeded the Parthians and held the area until the rise of Islam four centuries later. The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and at their greatest extent spanned all of present-day Kenya [citation needed] and the Zanzibar . [15], However, the company began to fail, and on 1 July 1895 the British government proclaimed a protectorate, the East Africa Protectorate, the administration being transferred to the Foreign Office. He had a patriarchal relationship with his many slaves, whose weddings he sometimes attended. Omissions? Said II bin Sultan (second reign) 14 September 1806 19 October 1856 Sole Ruler The British launched an attack on the palace and other locations around the city after which Khalid retreated and later went into exile. [From Oman to Morocco: Living at Opposite Ends of the Arab World], [Omans Sultan Haitham Appoints a Crown Prince in a Historic Move]. Omani forces targeted Portugals holdings in East Africa, launching assaults on Zanzibar in 1652, Mombasa in 1661, and Mozambique in 1671. He was famously known as Tippu Tib after an eye disease which made him blind. He left no children by his legal wives, but he maintained some 70 surias, or concubines, chiefly Circassians or Ethiopians, by whom he had 25 sons and an unknown number of daughters. Until his death in 1856, the sultan split his time between Oman and Zanzibar, a period marking the height of the Omani Empires decisive influence over international trade in the Indian Ocean. But Oman was nonetheless conquered by several foreign powers, having been controlled by the Qarmatians between 931932 and then again between 933934. 8 Sayyid Ali bin Hamud Al-Busaid 20 July 1902 9 December 1911 The British First Minister, Mr A. Rogers, served as regent until Ali reached the age of 21 on 7 June 1905. Oman adopted Islam in the 7th century, during the lifetime of the prophet Muhammad. The Yarubid dynasty expanded, acquiring former Portuguese colonies in East Africa - including Zanzibar - and engaging in the slave trade. Majid bin Said Al-Busaid 19 October 1856 7 October 1870 Bargash ibn Sa'id attempted to usurp the throne from his brother in 1859, but failed. stream Under an agreement reached on 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar relinquished sovereignty over his remaining territory on the mainland, and on 12 December 1963, Kenya officially obtained independence from the British. [31] However, the island's Arab inhabitants, as the major landowners, were generally wealthier than the natives;[32] the major political parties were organised largely along ethnic lines, with Arabs dominating the Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP) and natives the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). The relationship between Oman and Zanzibar no longer rests on an African colonys involuntary absorption into an Arab empire. 10 Sayyid Sir Abdullah bin Khalifa Al-Said 9 October 1960 1 July 1963. Name the families to whom the duty was delegated the cities of which they were in charge of. He depended heavily in his commercial ventures on Indian merchants, whose immigration he encouraged. This conflict was resolved temporarily by the Treaty of Seeb, which granted the imam autonomous rule in the interior Imamate of Oman, while recognising the nominal sovereignty of the sultan elsewhere. Schisms within the ruling family were apparent before Ahmad ibn Said's death in 1783 and were later manifest with the division of the family into two main lines, the Sultan ibn Ahmad Al Said (r. 17921806) line controlling the maritime state, with nominal control over the entire country; and the Qais branch, with authority over the Al Batinah and Ar Rustaq areas. In April 1964, the existence of this socialist republic was ended with its union with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which became known as Tanzania six months later. Nonetheless, culture, history, and religion continue to bind the two. He was a keen horseman and practical seaman. Ta strona korzysta z ciasteczek aby wiadczy usugi na najwyszym poziomie. (David Livingstone estimated that 80,000 Africans died each year before ever reaching the island.) This treaty turned Zanzibar into a British protectorate. Thuwaini bin Said 19 October 1856 11 February 1866 Killed Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume was named President of the newly created People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. Although Europeans frequently called him imam and sultan, Sad himself used the style sayyid. The island soon became a hub of Islamic learning in its own rightto the extent that a number of leading Ibadi scholars from Oman chose to migrate to Zanzibar. In 1868 Azzam ibn Qais Al-Busaid (r. 18681871) emerged as self-declared imam. 602 703 448Poniedziaek- pitek od 16:00 - 19:00Sobota - niedziela 08:00 - 19:00. Only then did Zanzibars population wrest back control for itself. Date posted: April 25, 2019. His government was essentially personal and patriarchal, and he sat daily in public to settle cases and complaints. The new sultan confronted insurgency in a country plagued by endemic disease, illiteracy, and poverty. . If he preferred peaceable settlements, Sad could show himself as ruthless as any Mamlk. The Arabs established garrisons at Zanzibar, Pemba, and Kilwa. His candidacy prompted a rivalry among the ulama and a civil war between the two major tribes, the Hinawi and the Ghafiri, with the Ghafiri supporting Saif ibn Sultan II. b) The towns also wished to maintain their independence as they were during the Portuguese rule. [3] It also contained significant minorities in the 50,000 Arabs and 20,000 South Asians who were prominent in business and trade. 608 501 460Poniedziaek- pitek od 16:00 - 19:00Sobota - niedziela 08:00 - 19:00, Rezerwacja:kom. & S.I. Consider Tanzanian President Samia Suluhu Hassan, a native of Zanzibar who has ancestral ties to Oman. In 1822 Sad sent an expedition that drove them from Pemba Island. Ibadism became the dominant religious sect in Oman by the 8th century; Ibadhism is known for its "moderate conservatism". Zanzibar paid an annual subsidy to Muscat and Oman until its independence in early 1964. Answers (1). Several thousand Arabs (5,000-12,000 Zanzibaris of Arabic descent) and Indians were killed, thousands more detained or expelled, their property either confiscated or destroyed. [16] In August 1896, following the death of Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini, Britain and Zanzibar fought a 38-minute war, the shortest in recorded history. Date posted: April 27, 2019. The Hindutva-Zionist Alliance Has Never Looked So Ominous. The prospect of holding this chokepoint attracted the Portuguese Empire, whose military captured much of the area around Muscat in 1507. Date posted: April 27, 2019. Whoever ruled Oman could control transit between the Strait of Hormuz, the gateway to the Arabian Peninsulas eastern shoreline, and the Gulf of Oman, an outlet to the Indian Ocean. Oman maintained its diplomatic relations with Iraq throughout the Gulf War while supporting the United Nations allies by sending a contingent of troops to join coalition forces and by opening up to pre-positioning of weapons and supplies. Later Hamoud complied with British demands that slavery be banned in Zanzibar and that all the slaves be freed. Many Arabs relocated to the island, introducing Zanzibar to Ibadism, the obscure strand of Islam to which a majority of Omanis subscribe. In 1822, the British signed the first of a series of treaties with Sultan Said to curb this trade, but not until 1876 was the sale of slaves finally prohibited. There have been discoveries of Palaeolithic stone tools in caves in southern and central Oman, and in the United Arab Emirates close to the Straits of Hormuz at the outlet of the Persian Gulf. They were give the responsibility of collecting custom dues levied at each port. He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labour. He assumed power in 1748 after the leaders of both factions had been killed in battle, but the rivalry continued, with the factionalization working in favor of the Iranians, who occupied Muscat and Sohar in 1743. As early as the first century according to some sources, Arab traders had established contact with their counterparts in Zanzibar and across East Africa. His pilgrimage to Mecca in 1824 demonstrated that he had overcome both internal and external enemies and could risk absence from his own land. These stone tools, some up to 125,000 years old, resemble those made by humans in Africa around the same period. The leader of the revolt, Ahmad ibn Said al Said, was elected sultan of Muscat upon the expulsion of the Iranians. The Sultanate of Zanzibar (Swahili: Usultani wa Zanzibar, Arabic: , romanized: Sulanat Zanjbr), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was a state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. Local residents buy and sell fish at the Malindi fish market in Stone Town on the island of Zanzibar, December 2017 (AFP) In Oman, the impact of Zanzibar's revolution 1964 and subsequent exile of . 3 0 obj His naval force was commanded by officers who also traded on his behalf. During the period of Sultan Said ibn Sultan Al Said's rule (18061856), Oman cultivated its East African colonies, profiting from the slave trade. As the war drew to a close, civil action programs were given priority throughout Dhofar and helped win the allegiance of the people. However, from 1887 to 1892, all of these mainland possessions were lost to the colonial powers of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy, although some were not formally sold or ceded until the 20th century (Mogadishu to Italy in 1905 and Mombasa to Britain in 1963). Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. In about the year 1600, Nabhani rule was temporarily restored to Oman, although that lasted only to 1624, when fifth imamate, which is also known as the Yarubid Imamate. Zanzibar was famous worldwide for its spices and its slaves. 606 901 531tel. One of the new sultan's first measures was to abolish many of his father's harsh restrictions, which had caused thousands of Omanis to leave the country, and to offer amnesty to opponents of the previous rgime, many of whom returned to Oman. 9 Sayyid Sir Khalifa II bin Harub Al-Said 9 December 1911 9 October 1960 Brother-in-law of Ali ibn Hamud. At the same time, however, vestiges of the Omani Empire remained. Give the reasons that the Oman ruler had for choosing Zanzibar . The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan agreed that simultaneously with independence for Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya. At a formal level the transfer of his court and other changes are marked by the establishment in Zanzibar of foreign consulates: United States (1837), Britain (1841), France (1844). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Zanzibar's commerce fell increasingly into the hands of traders from the Indian subcontinent, whom Said encouraged to settle on the island. For those in a hurry, they enable a quick summary of many important subjects. 7 Sayyid Sir Hamoud bin Mohammed Al-Said 27 August 1896 18 July 1902 Issued the final decree abolishing slavery from Zanzibar on 6 April 1897. do you have any answers for i human case heather miller? Over a century of Omani presence in Gwadar, for example, only ended in 1958: following four years of negotiations between Omani and Pakistani officials, Pakistan bought the city from Oman for US$3 million, equivalent to about US$28 million today. The rule of the Portuguese had positive as well as negative effects on the people of east African coast where their rule was established. Briefly describe the social organization of the Luo during pre-colonial period. As a result of this struggle, the empirethrough the mediation of the British Government under the Canning Awardwas divided in 1861 into two separate principalities: Zanzibar (with its East African dependencies), and Muscat and Oman. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Said-ibn-Sultan, Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville. His earlier years were complicated by family and tribal quarrels, by Anglo-French rivalry in the Indian Ocean, by the expansion of the Wahhb Muslim puritan movement in Arabia, and by the incessant depredations of the Qawsim pirates. Provenance: Antique wood engraved print taken from the Illustrated London News. In order to consolidate his power, his transferred his capital to Zanzibar in 1846. Jetha Lila, the one locally-owned bank in Zanzibar, or for that matter in all of East Africa, closed. [7], By 1964, the country was a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth ruled by Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah. Oman and Zanzibar themselves fell into the British sphere of influence within a matter of years, returning the Middle Eastern sultanate and its former African territory to the control of a European colonial empire. He developed a small army and a fleet that also served mercantile purposes. He also established a modern government structure and launched a major development programme to upgrade educational and health facilities, build a modern infrastructure, and develop the country's natural resources. The Iranians had occupied the coast beforeindeed the coast was often the possession of various empires. Vasco da Gama's visit in 1499 marks the beginning of European influence, and the Portuguese established control over the island four years later. The conquest of the east coast of Africa by the Portuguese was led by several individuals who all conquered different towns and states. 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