The simplest and most effective way in which the Government can strengthen industrial research is to support basic research and to develop scientific talent. Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. Download PDF Download All Download JPEG 2000 Download Text. Use code FLASH at checkout. We can no longer count on ravaged Europe as a source of fundamental knowledge. Two great principles have guided us in this country as we have turned our full efforts to war. Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. Without the broad authority along these lines which was contained in the First War Powers Act and its implementing Executive Orders, together with the special relaxation of vouchering requirements granted by the General Accounting Office, the Office of Scientific Research and Development would have been gravely handicapped in carrying on research on military matters during this war. Phone: +1 609 258 4900 A part of the information now classified which should be released is possessed jointly by our allies and ourselves. Basic scientific research should not, therefore, be placed under an operating agency whose paramount concern is anything other than research. Horgan is a prolific author and columnist for Scientific American, whose interview subjects included a list of scientists who might be seen as the most disruptive crew of the last three . This involves improved high school instruction, provision for helping individual talented students to finish high school (primarily the responsibility of the local communities), and opportunities for more capable, promising high school students to go to college. Much medical progress, for example, will come from fundamental advances in chemistry. science is an endless frontier, where there are always new phenomena to be discovered, and major new questions to be answered. In general we have held these principles well in balance. The responsibility for the creation of new scientific knowledge rests on that small body of men and women who understand the fundamental laws of nature and are skilled in the techniques of scientific research. Anything short of this means serious waste of higher education and neglect of human resources. As in the case of the research sponsored during the war by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the research sponsored by the National Research Foundation should be conducted, in general, on an actual cost basis without profit to the institution receiving the research contract or grant. The development of such materials and methods to the point at which they become available to medical practitioners requires teamwork involving the medical schools, the science departments of universities, Government and the pharmaceutical industry. These issues are more urgent than ever. Holts introduction takes seriously the idea that the United States is a democracy, and that scientists have a specific role to play in that democracy, which is not the same thing as saying that scientists should control science policy. Now the situation is different. Science, The Endless Frontier is generally recognized as the iconic text of U.S. science policy. Figure 4 shows that all included studies presented low risk of bias to 'baseline characteristics,' but no study presented low risk of bias to 'allocation concealment,' 'random housing,' 'blinding for intervention,' or 'random outcome assessment.' Only one study presented low risk of bias to 'sequence generation.' This book could not be more timely, and I hope every scientist, and anyone who cares about America will heed Holts call for a powerful new integration of science in our public life. About this article. The mobilization of science behind the lines is aiding the fighting men at the front to win the war and to shorten it; and it has resulted incidentally in the accumulation of a vast amount of experience and knowledge of the application of science to particular problems, much of which can be put to use when the war is over. The answer is clear. To support international cooperation in science by providing financial aid for international meetings, associations of scientific societies, and scientific research programs organized on an international basis. But these things do not mark the end of progress -- they are but the beginning if we make full use of our scientific resources. It is inhibited by conventional approaches, traditions, and standards. Such an agency should furnish the funds needed to support basic research in the colleges and universities, should coordinate where possible research programs on matters of utmost importance to the national welfare, should formulate a national policy for the Government toward science, should sponsor the interchange of scientific information among scientists and laboratories both in this country and abroad, and should ensure that the incentives to research in industry and the universities are maintained. These principles are as follows: (1) Whatever the extent of support may be, there must be stability of funds over a period of years so that long-range programs may be undertaken. There must be more -- and more adequate -- military research during peacetime. Several hundred articles have appeared in the professional journals; many are in process of publication. Two of those limitations are especially worthy of our attention. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nations health, security, and prosperity. International Exchange of Scientific Information. Discoveries pertinent to medical progress have often come from remote and unexpected sources, and it is certain that this will be true in the future. None of these conditions is favorable to basic research. Notwithstanding great progress in prolonging the span of life and relief of suffering, much illness remains for which adequate means of prevention and cure are not yet known. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. More elaborate and expensive equipment is required, supplies are more costly, and the wages of assistants are higher. July 1945. The division Members should be appointed for such terms as the Members of the Foundation may determine, and may be reappointed at the discretion of the Members. Office of scientific rese. off. There is thus an accumulating deficit of trained research personnel which will continue for many years. One of the most important factors affecting the amount of industrial research is the income-tax law. Appropriations should be earmarked for the purposes of specific Divisions, but the Foundation should be left discretion with respect to the expenditure of each Division's funds. United States An important perspective from a physicist, policymaker, and advocate for science, Holt provides new insights to Vannevar Bushs text. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. The function of such a civilian group would be primarily to conduct long-range scientific research on military problems - leaving to the Services research on the improvement of existing weapons. For many years the Government has wisely supported research in the agricultural colleges and the benefits have been great. It is recommended that measures which will encourage and facilitate the preparation and publication of reports be adopted forthwith by all agencies, governmental and private, possessing scientific information released from security control. In some countries comparable increases have been accompanied by famine. It should be competent to advise the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. On the wisdom with which we bring science to bear against the problems of the coming years depends in large measure our future as a nation. 3. It is my judgment that the national interest in scientific research and scientific education can best be promoted by the creation of a National Research Foundation. Today, advances in public health, shared prosperity, and scientific understanding are more important than ever. * * * Science cannot live by and unto itself alone. Increasing specialization of science will make it more important than ever that scientists in this country keep continually ahead of developments abroad. Presentation of budgets of financial needs for the work of the Division. Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. His document serves as a prescient reminder as the United States faces the challenges of a new century. A large fraction of these deaths in our civilian population cut short the useful lives of our citizens. The National Patent Planning Commission has reported on this subject. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) The Government has only begun to utilize science in the nation's welfare. February 9-17-24, 2021 L . While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. This point has been well stated by the Moe Committee as follows: "As citizens, as good citizens, we therefore think that we must have in mind while examining the question before us -- the discovery and development of scientific talent -- the needs of the whole national welfare. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. "Robbert Dijkgraaf, director of the Institute for Advanced Study, "Rush Holt gives new life to Vannevar Bushs seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier by emphasizing its continued relevance to American science policy and raising issues that need reexaminationin particular, the relationship between the scientific enterprise and civil society. Phone: +44 1993 814500 Plans for the discovery and development of scientific talent must be related to the other needs of society for high ability. The Government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific information. Through the Land Grant College acts the Government has supported research in state institutions for more than 80 years on a gradually increasing scale. These reasons apply with particular force to science: the road is long and expensive; it extends at least 6 years beyond high school; the percentage of science students who can obtain first-rate training in institutions near home is small. BOOK. - The function of this Division should be to support medical research. Cookies on OCLC websites. Working against time, the Office of Scientific Research and Development has been obliged to enforce this practice during the war, although it was realized by all concerned that it was an emergency measure which prevented the continuous cross-fertilization so essential to fruitful scientific effort. . Hence Government, like industry, is dependent on the colleges, universities, and research institutes to expand the basic scientific frontiers and to furnish trained scientific investigators. . I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. It would be folly to set up a program under which research in the natural sciences and medicine was expanded at the cost of the social sciences, humanities, and other studies so essential to national well-being. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. Description One of the most important reports in science policy, (commonly known as the Bush report), and intended to be a blueprint for a new era of scienceand of government in sciencefollowing the transformational experience of World War II and its technological culmination in the detonation of two atomic bombs over Japan. We must remove the rigid controls which we have had to impose, and recover freedom of inquiry and that healthy competitive scientific spirit so necessary for expansion of the frontiers of scientific knowledge. In achieving these results, the Government has provided over-all coordination and support; it has not dictated how the work should be done within any cooperating institution. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. Publication: Science. Using the citation data from 45 million manuscripts and 3.9 million patents, the researchers calculated a measure of disruptiveness, called the 'CD index', in which values ranged from -1 for the least . How will we find ways to make better products at lower cost? More Filters. RENEWAL OF OUR SCIENTIFIC TALENT These industries generate new jobs and new products, all of which contribute to the welfare and the strength of the country. China Separation of the sciences in tight compartments, as would occur if more than one agency were involved, would retard and not advance scientific knowledge as a whole. "Eric D. Isaacs, president of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 41 William Street In the nineteenth century, Yankee mechanical ingenuity, building largely upon the basic discoveries of European scientists, could greatly advance the technical arts. It is essential that both kinds of research go forward and that there be the closest liaison between the two groups. These private sources should continue to carry their share of the financial burden. Many of the most important discoveries have come as a result of experiments undertaken with very different purposes in mind. "Here, the draw is not so much the text of Bushs report itself, but rather an excellent critical introduction by Rush Holt. Such impetus can come promptly only from the Government. Such an agency, moreover, should be an independent agency devoted to the support of scientific research and advanced scientific education alone. Since research does not fall within the category of normal commercial or procurement operations which are easily covered by the usual contractual relations, it is essential that certain statutory and regulatory fiscal requirements be waived in the case of research contractors. Meanwhile, research costs have steadily risen. III. When aided by selective devices for picking out scientifically talented youth, it is clear that large sums of money for scholarships and fellowships and monetary and other rewards in disproportionate amounts might draw into science too large a percentage of the nation's high ability, with a result highly detrimental to the nation and to science. The legislation puts technology commercialization on an equal footing with scientific research in America's national innovation system by creating a new technology directorate at the National Science Foundation. Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. Early action is imperative, however, if this nation is to meet the challenge of science and fully utilize the potentialities of science. It should be drafted with great care. Technology and Public Purpose Project Study Group. Has PDF. A nation which depends upon others for its new basic scientific knowledge will be slow in its industrial progress and weak in its competitive position in world trade, regardless of its mechanical skill. VII. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. (2) The agency to administer such funds should be composed of citizens selected only on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the work of the agency. "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. Industry is generally inhibited by preconceived goals, by its own clearly defined standards, and by the constant pressure of commercial necessity. The event was held in partnership with The Kavli Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to mark the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier, which created . Written by Vannevar Bush, president of the Carnegie Institution of . The possibility of an endless frontier is a consequence of an idea known as emergence. Science, the endless frontier. Advances in science will also bring higher standards of living, will lead to the prevention or cure of diseases, will promote conservation of our limited national resources, and will assure means of defense against aggression. For more than 5 years many of our scientists have been fighting the war in the laboratories, in the factories and shops, and at the front. . To establish scholarships and fellowships in the natural sciences including biology and medicine. For reasons presented in this report we are entering a period when science needs and deserves increased support from public funds. Other examples can be cited in which medical progress has been similarly advanced. These uncertainties are also attributable to the existence of certain abuses, which have appeared in the use of patents. The striking advances in medicine during the war have been possible only because we had a large backlog of scientific data accumulated through basic research in many scientific fields in the years before the war. New Responsibilities for Government. Science, the Endless Frontier (2021 edition) | Open Library Announcing Yearly Reading Goals: Learn More or Set your 2023 goal Science, the Endless Frontier Vannevar Bush, Rush Holt Not in Library Want to Read 1 2 3 4 5 Better World Books More When you buy books using these links the Internet Archive may earn a small commission. Now elevated and updated by the brilliant writing of former congressman Rush Holt, an unmatched champion for the advancement of science, this book is a forceful declaration of the value of science for our democracy and a ringing call to action for policymakers and the American people alike. In 1939 millions of people were employed in industries which did not even exist at the close of the last war -- radio, air conditioning, rayon and other synthetic fibers, and plastics are examples of the products of these industries. - This Division should be charged with encouraging the publication of scientific knowledge and promoting international exchange of scientific information. Basic research is performed without thought of practical ends. We should also get it to the men studying overseas so that they will know what has happened in their absence. The rewards of such exploration both for the Nation and the individual are great. The resulting typology not only gives insights into the relationships that might exist between static publications, but also the rich process whereby an ongoing research project evolves through interactions with the research literature. Between World War I and World War II the United States overtook all other nations in medical research and assumed a position of world leadership. Each year 125,000 new mental cases are hospitalized. There are areas of science in which the public interest is acute but which are likely to be cultivated inadequately if left without more support than will come from private sources. Much of the impetus for a paradigm shift in U.S. research policy and funding comes from the PRC's efforts to boost its companies and research capacity. V-2 was countered only by the capture of the launching sites. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. Science, the Endless Frontier V. Bush Published 18 December 1999 Political Science, Economics Science, the Endless Frontier View via Publisher Save to Library Create Alert 1,023 Citations Particle physics in public: legitimising curiosity-driven research on the Higgs boson and beyond Chih-Wei Yeh Physics 2019 Highly Influenced Nature, 466(7309), 922-923. o Gibson . A Report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, July 1945, (United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1945), CHAPTER 1. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. Close Dialog Download citation. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. The Internal Revenue Code should be amended to remove present uncertainties in regard to the deductibility of research and development expenditures as current charges against net income. The committee advising me on scientific personnel has stated the following principle which should guide our planning: "If we were all-knowing and all-wise we might, but we think probably not, write you a plan whereby there might be selected for training, which they otherwise would not get, those who, 20 years hence, would be scientific leaders, and we might not bother about any lesser manifestations of scientific ability. Formulation of programs and policy within the scope of the particular Divisions. The primary place for medical research is in the medical schools and universities. It creates the fund from which the practical applications of knowledge must be drawn. The procedures currently followed within the Government for recruiting, classifying and compensating such personnel place the Government under a severe handicap in competing with industry and the universities for first-class scientific talent. This fact underlines the necessity of salvaging potential scientists in uniform. There is one other matter which requires special mention. (5) While assuring complete independence and freedom for the nature, scope, and methodology of research carried on in the institutions receiving public funds, and while retaining discretion in the allocation of funds among such institutions, the Foundation proposed herein must be responsible to the President and the Congress. We find ways to make better products at lower cost are higher this means serious waste of higher education neglect!, where there are always new phenomena to be discovered, and major new questions to be.! 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