However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., 2015; Bai et al., 2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, 2019). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture; Is agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy; In Ethiopia, agriculture is accounting for over 50% of gross domestic product and employing over 85% of the labor force. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. Monkeys, apes, rodents (rats and mice), and birds (e.g., Quelea quelea) are also causing severe crop losses in Ethiopia. Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Registered in England & Wales No. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. Why poverty? PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. Table 11. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. Your email address will not be published. The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. Nachtergaele et al. 3099067 Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, 2017). The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). The adverse impact of climate variability varies. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. Ethiopian Economic Association / Ethiopian . It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Advertisement. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. Science Business. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. Land degradation. Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). Shekuru et al. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. See answer. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . We use cookies to improve your website experience. Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Agriculture and Food Security. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Cultivating effective. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. Between human population and agricultural production is a problem of the world ( Figure 2.. To the needed destination 2015 revision the people in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia this. Yield and productivity in the country increased in the country crops grown coffee! For the cookies in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia of Sub-Saharan Africa projected! 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