Thus the nn in Classical Latin annus "year" (and in Italian anno) is pronounced as a doubled /nn/ as in English unnamed. Corrections? WebTranslations from dictionary Latin - English, definitions, grammar . Brush up your skills on one of the oldest classical languages and commit these short yet inspiring Latin phrases (and their meanings) to memory. Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin remained the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars (including its own descendants, the Romance languages) supplanted it in common academic and political usage, and it eventually became a dead language in the modern linguistic definition. Communicate smoothly and use a free online translator to translate text, words, phrases, or documents between 90+ language pairs. The r was probably a tongue trill during the Classical period, but there is earlier evidence that in some positions it may have been a fricative or a flap. Latin Europeans, citizens of Latin Europe countries and dependencies. Knowing Latin can improve your foreign language vocabulary. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. WebLatin is probably the easiest of the older languages for speakers of English to learn, both because of their earlier relationship and because of the long use of Latin as the language of educational, ecclesiastical, legal and political affairs in western culture. WebMost Popular Phrases in Latin to English. Where earlier writers might have used prepositional phrases, Classical authors preferred bare nominal-case forms as terser and more exact. [54], Syllables in Latin are considered either long or short. The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. Medieval Latin was used during the Middle Ages as a literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance, which then used Renaissance Latin. The continued instruction of Latin is often seen as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin Americans, the citizens of the Latin American countries and dependencies. In ancient times, numbers in Latin were written only with letters. Some Romance scholars suggest that Latin s had a pronunciation like that of z in modern Castilian (with the tip, rather than the blade, raised behind the teeth, giving a lisping impression); in early Latin it was often weakened in final position, a feature that also characterizes eastern Romance languages. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. Standard orthography did not distinguish between long and short vowels, although in early times various devices were tried to remedy that. Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Except for the i-stem and consonant stem declensional classes, which it combines into one group (listed in grammar books as the third declension), Latin kept distinct most of the declensional classes inherited from Indo-European. It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools, the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico, the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information. [67] Subsequently, the Romans transplanted Greek art, medicine, science and philosophy to Italy, paying almost any price to entice Greek skilled and educated persons to Rome and sending their youth to be educated in Greece. Latin of the Classical period had six regularly used cases in the declension of nouns and adjectives (nominative, vocative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative), with traces of a locative case in some declensional classes of nouns. The declensions are identified by the genitive singular form of the noun. Some systems use j v for the consonant sounds /j w/ except in the combinations gu su qu for which v is never used. Communicate smoothly and use a free online translator to translate text, words, phrases, or documents between 90+ language pairs. The Latin dictionary is available for free: do not hesitate to let us know about your comments and impressions. In the Anglican Church, after the publication of the Book of Common Prayer of 1559, a Latin edition was published in 1560 for use in universities such as Oxford and the leading "public schools" (English private academies), where the liturgy was still permitted to be conducted in Latin. Latins (Middle Ages), common name for followers of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages. ae and oe also represented a sequence of two vowels in different syllables in anus [ae.ns] "of bronze" and copit [ke.pt] "began", and au ui eu ei ou represented sequences of two vowels or of a vowel and one of the semivowels /j w/, in cav [ka.we] "beware! latin m (plural latins) (uncountable) the Latin language a male of South Commentarii de Bello Gallico, also called De Bello Gallico (The Gallic War), written by Gaius Julius Caesar, begins with the following passage: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Communicate smoothly and use a free online translator to translate text, words, phrases, or documents between 90+ language pairs. [57] There has also been debate over whether ui is truly a diphthong in Classical Latin, due to its rarity, absence in works of Roman grammarians, and the roots of Classical Latin words (i.e. Despite dialectal variation, which is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian (Roman Catholic) culture. [21] There have been several Latin translations since, including a Latin edition of the 1979 USA Anglican Book of Common Prayer. WebWelcome to the Latin Dictionary, the largest and most complete online Latin dictionary with a conjugator and a declension tool included. There are a few main types of participles: Present Active Participles, Perfect Passive Participles, Future Active Participles, and Future Passive Participles. Often, the concatenation changed the part of speech, and nouns were produced from verb segments or verbs from nouns and adjectives. WebLatin for Beginners This course is a first step in reading Latin, which was the language not only of ancient Rome, but also of science, culture, and more in Europe until the early modern era and is still in use today Learn More Archived Closed $940+ Online Pace Instructor-led Subject Humanities Course language English Video Transcript English The grammatical function can be changed by changing the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. In modern texts, long vowels are often indicated by a macron , and short vowels are usually unmarked except when it is necessary to distinguish between words, when they are marked with a breve . A vowel letter followed by m at the end of a word, or a vowel letter followed by n before s or f, represented a short nasal vowel, as in monstrum [mstr]. WebWorld-renowned Latin courses from Cambridge. Of the eighty-nine men who signed the Declaration of Independence and attended the Constitutional Convention, thirty-six went to a Colonial college, all of which offered only the classical curriculum. The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon[5][6] script to what ultimately became a strictly left-to-right script. A very valuable resource for students and specialists. It is, however, more likely that the pattern of Anglo-Saxon settlements was not in conflict with the Romano-Celtic and that the latter were gradually absorbed into the new society. 1. : the Italic language of ancient Latium and of Rome and until modern times the dominant language of school, church, and state in western Europe see Indo-European It was also used in native Latin words by confusion with Greek words of similar meaning, such as sylva and . https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-language, Academia - The Latin language as a Universal Cultural Code, Academia - The Latin Language as a Universal Cultural Code. the history of this ancient language, and the proper way we might use it", "The Roles of Latin in Early Modern Europe", "Pope's Latinist pronounces death of a language", "Liber Precum Publicarum, The Book of Common Prayer in Latin (1560). [19] Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language) and later native or other languages. latn 2. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail. Latin. A regular Latin noun belongs to one of five main declensions, a group of nouns with similar inflected forms. Medieval Latin was used during the Middle Ages as a literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance, which then used Renaissance Latin. WebMost Popular Phrases in English to Latin. The decline of the Roman Empire meant a deterioration in educational standards that brought about Late Latin, a postclassical stage of the language seen in Christian writings of the time. In later times, however, many poets were obviously unable to conform to the demands of classical prosody and were criticized for allowing accent to override length distinctions. 128129 (1970), and Frederick Rudolph, Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636, pp.3132 (1978). Second, the language continued in a more or less standardized form throughout the Middle Ages as the language of religion and scholarship; in this form it had great influence on the development of the West European languages. The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the nominative singular of the perfect passive participle form of the verb. Complex sentences with subtle use of distinctive conjunctions were a feature of the Classical language, and effective play was made with the possibilities offered by flexible word order. Spain's motto Plus ultra, meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further! When it was first derived from the Etruscan alphabet, it contained only 21 letters. It is the official language of the Holy See, the primary language of its public journal, the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, and the working language of the Roman Rota. They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. J was distinguished from the original I only during the late Middle Ages, as was the letter U from V.[62] Although some Latin dictionaries use J, it is rarely used for Latin text, as it was not used in classical times, but many other languages use it. A few international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin. Old English latin "in Latin," from Latin Latinus "Latin, Roman, in Latin," literally "belonging to Latium ," the region of Italy around Rome, a name of uncertain origin. These include the University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University.[30][31]. In order to accomplish that, good infrastructure & packaging alone are not enough. Latin numbers are sometimes declined as adjectives. Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. [65] The stem categories descend from Indo-European and can therefore be compared to similar conjugations in other Indo-European languages. Subtitles are usually shown for the benefit of those who do not understand Latin. During the Middle Ages and until comparatively recent times, Latin was the language most widely used in the West for scholarly and literary purposes. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. WebLatin is Simple - a Latin Online Dictionary for Students The Forum Romanorum - Your All-in-One Tool Sentence Analysis Latin Library Read ancient works, find usages of words. Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole. They strove to preserve what they could and restore Latin to what it had been and introduced the practice of producing revised editions of the literary works that remained by comparing surviving manuscripts. If the verb is impersonal, the first principal part will be in the third-person singular. For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH, which stands for Confderatio Helvetica, the country's full Latin name. It is available in Vatican City and at some institutions in the US, such as the University of Kentucky and Iowa State University. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as the Germanic and Slavic nations. Latin was the language of the area known as Latium (modern Lazio), and Rome was one of the towns of Latium. WebLate Latin is the written language from the 3rd century, and its various Vulgar Latin dialects developed in the 6th to 9th centuries into the modern Romance languages. latin (feminine latine, masculine plural latins, feminine plural latines) Latin; Latino; Noun . [citation needed]. The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 19621965, which permitted the use of the vernacular. Latin Phrases 1. Several states of the United States have Latin mottos, such as: Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: A law governing body in the Philippines have a Latin motto, such as: Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University's motto is Veritas ("truth"). Long /i/ was written using a taller version of I, called i longa "long I": . All natural languages contain ambiguities of one sort or another. The Latin dictionary is available for free: do not hesitate to let us know about your comments and impressions. So, ch, ph, and th are all sounds that would be pronounced as [kh], [ph], and [th]. WebLatin is probably the easiest of the older languages for speakers of English to learn, both because of their earlier relationship and because of the long use of Latin as the language of educational, ecclesiastical, legal and political affairs in western culture. A neutral vowel was probably used in some unaccented syllables and was written u or i (optumus, optimus best), but the latter rendering became standard. The eastern Romance languages, on the whole, retained Latin double consonants (as in Italian), whereas the western languages often simplified them. In syntax, too, earlier freedom was restricted; thus, the use of the accusative and infinitive in oratio obliqua (indirect discourse) became obligatory, and fine discrimination was required in the use of the subjunctive. 121-130). Latins (Middle Ages), common name for followers of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages. In Classical Latin poetry, the letter z between vowels always counts as two consonants for metrical purposes. In order to accomplish that, good infrastructure & packaging alone are not enough. Old Latin oi and ou changed to Classical , except in a few words whose oi became Classical oe. Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the postclassical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed. There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. Classical Latin did not contain sentence punctuation, letter case,[63] or interword spacing, but apices were sometimes used to distinguish length in vowels and the interpunct was used at times to separate words. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissner's Latin Phrasebook. Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the Catholic Church. Belgae ab extrms Galliae fnibus oriuntur; pertinent ad nferirem partem flminis Rhn; spectant in septentrinem et orientem slem. During the Classical and immediate post-Classical periods, numerous inscriptions provide the major source for spoken Latin, but, after the 3rd century ce, many texts in a popular style, usually called Vulgar Latin, were written. Kevin O'Connor, Culture And Customs of the Baltic States, Greenwood Press, 2006, There are many ways in which modern Latin speakers can refer to the, states of the United States have Latin mottos, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names, List of Latin translations of modern literature, List of Latin words with English derivatives, "History of Europe Barbarian migrations and invasions", "What is Latin? latin m (plural latins) (uncountable) the Latin language a male of South The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. We studied Latin at school; a Latin lesson. Moreover, we use the Latin alphabet, so that the language is read without difficulty. Among verb forms, the Indo-European aorist (indicating simple occurrence of an action without reference to duration or completion) and perfect (indicating an action or state completed at the time of utterance or at a time spoken of) combined, and the conjunctive (expressing ideas contrary to fact) and optative (expressing a wish or hope) merged to form the subjunctive mood. The earliest known inscriptions in Latin date from the 6th century BC and were written using an alphabet adapted from the Etruscan alphabet. In the United Kingdom, the Classical Association encourages the study of antiquity through various means, such as publications and grants. A number of historical phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, morphology, and syntax. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first- and second-declension and third-declension nouns, respectively. Interlingua is sometimes considered a simplified, modern version of the language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word. It includes 19 sovereign nations and one non-independent territory, Puerto Rico. In this situation, they are thought to be a single consonant, and as such, they will go into the syllable of the second vowel. The modern Romance languages developed from the spoken Latin of various parts of the Roman Empire. Moreover, we use the Latin alphabet, so that the language is read without difficulty. Retrieved 22 May 2012", "Society of Archbishop Justus, resources, Book of Common Prayer, Latin, 1979. The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal, it also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. [62] The letters Y and Z were later added to represent Greek letters, upsilon and zeta respectively, in Greek loanwords.[62]. [4], The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom to the later part of the Roman Republic period. Verbs are described by four principal parts: The six tenses of Latin are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. From Minimus to the Cambridge Latin Course, our Latin resources encourage students to immerse themselves into Roman culture through stories, myths and historical background, Medieval Latin was used during the Middle Ages as a literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance, which then used Renaissance Latin. Latin adjectives also have comparative and superlative forms. The distinction must have been reflected to some extent in Late Latin or early Romance, for, even after the system of vowel length was lost, light, or open, syllables often developed in a different way from heavy, or closed, syllables. The most important of the ambiguities bears on Latin intonation and accentuation. WebLatin for Beginners This course is a first step in reading Latin, which was the language not only of ancient Rome, but also of science, culture, and more in Europe until the early modern era and is still in use today Learn More Archived Closed $940+ Online Pace Instructor-led Subject Humanities Course language English Video Transcript English Latin Americans, the citizens of the Latin American countries and dependencies. Latin Phrases 1. (of) the language spoken in ancient Rome. However, because of close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet to form the Latin alphabet but also borrowed some Etruscan words into their language, including persona "mask" and histrio "actor". [13], Vulgar Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. Its subsidiaries include the National Junior Classical League (with more than 50,000 members), which encourages high school students to pursue the study of Latin, and the National Senior Classical League, which encourages students to continue their study of the classics into college. Probably it was a light stress accent that was normally accompanied by a rise in pitch; in later Latin, evidence suggests that the stress became heavier. The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin. Because Latin died out in Britain, it is often thought that it had been used only by the elite, but some suggest that it was a result of wholesale slaughter of the Roman British. WebLate Latin is the written language from the 3rd century, and its various Vulgar Latin dialects developed in the 6th to 9th centuries into the modern Romance languages. Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum; vergit ad septentriones. Aqutnia Garumn flmine ad Prnaes monts et eam partem cean quae est ad Hispniam pertinet; spectat inter occsum slis et septentrins. help auxilium. In all areas, even the outposts, it was not only the rough language of the legions that penetrated but also, it seems, the fine subtleties of Virgilian verse and Ciceronian prose. Italian, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian, Catalan, Romansh and other Romance languages are direct descendants of Latin. [10] However, Classical Latin used equus. We studied Latin at school; a Latin lesson. The sound represented by ng (pronounced as in English sing and represented in the IPA by //), written ng or gn, may not have had phonemic status (in spite of the pair annus/agnus year/lamb, in which // may be regarded as a positional variant of /g/). A long , from earlier ei, had probably completely merged with by the Classical period. The nature of this accent is hotly disputed: contemporary grammarians seem to suggest it was a musical, tonal accent and not a stress accent. [dubious discuss] Latino sine Flexione, popular in the early 20th century, is Latin with its inflections stripped away, among other grammatical changes. Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the regular conjugations in the formation of the inflected form. After the Fall of Tarentum (272 BC), the Romans began Hellenising, or adopting features of Greek culture, including the borrowing of Greek words, such as camera (vaulted roof), sumbolum (symbol), and balineum (bath). [54] The acute accent, when it is used in modern Latin texts, indicates stress, as in Spanish, rather than length. Most people in the region speak Spanish or Portuguese, although French, English, Dutch, and Kreyol are also spoken in parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Latin Europeans, citizens of Latin Europe countries and dependencies. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. The general structure and word order of a Latin sentence can therefore vary. [20] In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. In a word with more than two syllables, there are two cases. In Classical Latin, U did not exist as a letter distinct from V; the written form V was used to represent both a vowel and a consonant. Latin remains the language of the Roman Rite. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae, proptere quod cult atque hmnitte prvinciae longissim absunt, minimque ad es merctrs saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effminands anims pertinent important, proximque sunt Germns, qu trns Rhnum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. As Latin is an Italic language, most of its vocabulary is likewise Italic, ultimately from the ancestral Proto-Indo-European language. The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in --re or --ri (active and passive respectively): amre, "to love," hortr, "to exhort"; of the second conjugation by --re or --r: monre, "to warn", verr, "to fear;" of the third conjugation by -ere, -: dcere, "to lead," t, "to use"; of the fourth by --re, --r: audre, "to hear," experr, "to attempt". The mottos 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from the British Crown. Therefore, caballus was most likely the spoken form. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. In Glosbe you will find translations from Latin into English coming from various sources. Communicate smoothly and use a free online translator to translate text, words, phrases, or documents between 90+ language pairs. It was more in line with everyday speech, not only because of a decline in education but also because of a desire to spread the word to the masses. A dead language is one no longer learned as a first language or used in ordinary communication. Galls ab Aqutns Garumna flmen, Belgs Mtrona et Squana dvidit. latin m (plural latins) (uncountable) the Latin language a male of South Urdaneta City's motto Deo servire populo sufficere ("It is enough for the people to serve God") the Latin motto can be read in the old seal of this Philippine city. Range of the Romance languages, the modern descendants of Latin, in Europe. See Numbers below. To make this possible, Latin is Simple decided to become an open Latin was the lingua franca of scientific work in the West during the Middle Ages, so Western scientists used Latin for naming species of organisms. Latin language, Latin lingua Latina, Indo-European language in the Italic group and ancestral to the modern Romance languages. The Latin language is an Indo-European language in the Italic group and is ancestral to the modern Romance languages. Latin was written in the Latin alphabet, derived from the Etruscan alphabet, which was in turn drawn from the Greek alphabet and ultimately the Phoenician alphabet. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as The Exorcist and Lost ("Jughead"). Many legal terms are in To make this possible, Latin is Simple decided to become an open From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed "inkhorn terms", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. The same text may be marked for all long vowels (before any possible elisions at word boundary) with apices over vowel letters, including customarily before "nf" and "ns" where a long vowel is automatically produced: Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqutn, tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gall appellantur. The cases are as follows: Latin lacks both definite and indefinite articles so puer currit can mean either "the boy is running" or "a boy is running". During the Middle Ages and until comparatively recent times, Latin was the language most widely used in the West for scholarly and literary purposes. During the Classical Latin period this form of speaking was deliberately avoided by well-educated speakers. I wish a traveler in England could travel without knowing any other language than Latin!, Daniel Defoe, 1728. Over the ages, Latin-speaking populations produced new adjectives, nouns, and verbs by affixing or compounding meaningful segments. The difference is described in the table below: This difference in quality is posited by W. Sidney Allen in his book Vox Latina. Erum na pars, quam Galls obtinre dictum est, initium capit flmine Rhodan, contintur Garumn flmine, cean, fnibus Belgrum; attingit etiam ab Squans et Helvtis flmen Rhnum; vergit ad septentrins. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology. Trainer Practice for tomorrows vocabulary quiz. The dialects of Latin evolved into different Romance languages. Map indicating the greatest extent of the Roman Empire under Emperor. A very valuable resource for students and specialists. Instruction in Latin is an essential aspect. not matching or being similar to the pronunciation of classical words if ui were to be considered a diphthong.[58]. (adj.) WebOur mission is to provide a good Latin dictionary to you, with the greatest reliability possible. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Much of the commonly spoken Romanic languages like Spanish, French, and Italian derived from Vulgar Latin. Latin Americans, the citizens of the Latin American countries and dependencies. [59], In Vulgar Latin and the Romance languages, ae oe merged with e . Classical Latin distinguished between long and short vowels. In the post-Classical era, Ciceronian style came to be regarded as laboured and boring, and an epigrammatic compressed style was preferred by such writers as Seneca and Tacitus. The grammatical use of the language is an Indo-European language in the us, such as publications and grants of! Latina, Indo-European language in the Italic group and ancestral to the modern Romance languages,,! Is to provide a good Latin dictionary is available for free: do not hesitate to us..., some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin studied Latin at school ; Latin... These include the University of Kentucky and Iowa State University. [ 30 ] [ 31.. /I/ was written using an alphabet adapted from the Etruscan alphabet, so that the is. & packaging alone are not enough comments latin king indictment chicago impressions irregular verbs are verbs that do not Latin... To translate text, words, phrases, Classical Latin period this form of speaking deliberately. 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